The sector hopes for more passionate writers such If a person has a long dream that seems endless or if someone sees a dream in which he/she is being chased without end, then it most likely means that the dream is meaningless. Shaitn is to man an open enemy! (Surat al-Yusuf, ayatyn 4-5). Dream interpretation is also generally termed "tafsir" or "ta'bir". A couple of my blog audience have complained about my site not working correctly in Explorer but looks great in Safari. It is possible that a dream is interpreted one way while reality plays out quite differently. Be the first one to, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. Ibn Sirin was a contemporary to al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi (died 95 AH), and many of the princes and caliphs of Bani Umayya. If you are one of the lucky few to dream about pomegranates just be prepared for something amazing to happen to you soon. Im having some minor security issues with my latest blog and I would like to find something more risk-free. both reading and posting comments. However, when the news reached Ibn Sirin he said: He is wrong, these are two signs of strife. Verily! Visitors are advised to check the current entry requirements with their chosen airline before purchasing a ticket. Is it difficult to set up your own blog? on the net. Occasional nightmares usually are nothing to worry about, but there might be an underlying cause. The Golden Wheel Dream-book and Fortune-teller Being the most complete work on fortune-telling and interpreting dreams ever printed, containing an alphabetical list of dreams, with their interpretation, and the lucky numbers . Every night we engage with the unconscious mind that designs a show that is used for our protection and knowledge of ones self In shaAallah you will find the meaning of your dreams right here at Islamicdreammeanings.com the first authentic dream interpretation in Islam. Visitors who have completed two doses of the following vaccines will be accepted: A visitor must enter their immunization data into the Saudi vaccination registration system Muqeem before arrival into Saudi Arabia. Ibn Sirin Book for Dream Interpretation. Incident - Digging the grave of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) Dream Explanation A man told Imam Ibn Sirin: "I saw myself in a dream digging the bones of Prophet Muhammad, Sallallaahu-Alayhi-wasallam." Ibn Sirin replied, 'You will establish his traditions in your life." Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, Those of you with the truest dreams will be those who are most truthful in speech. (Sahih Muslim). 2- If the beard is getting long in a dream it means that his household work will be taken care of. . The "Stone of Ismail" (Hijr-Ismail) is a short wall arch forming a semi-circle separate from the northern part of the "Kaaba" and As part of Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia has taken a historic decision to grant licenses for cinema houses in the kingdom. 3400+ Islamic Dream Interpretations by Muhammad Ibn Sirin Muhammad Ibn Sirin (born in Basra) was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century According to Yehia Gouda's most authoritative encyclopedic reference book on Muslim oneiromancy He was particularly renowned for his extraordinary skill in interpreting dreams as attested by Thanks. The most. We are the first to introduce the true meaning of Islamic dream symbols after Ibn Sirin, who was one of the pioneers of the science of the interpretations of dreams. Herpes Arabic: Qawbae Dream Explanation, Call For Prayer (Arabic: Athan) Dream Explanation, Incident The Moon merging in Alcyone Dream Explanation, Incident Piercing eggs from the top and Extracting the White Dream Explanation, Incident Digging the grave of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) Dream Explanation, Incident A Pitcher with Two Heads Dream Explanation, cheapest international airline tickets possible, http://www.isisinvokes.com/smf2018/index.php?action=profile;u=454299. For information, my other dream interpretation book was lost and so my comparison for this review is that book. He would sit in the markets or at the councils, where people would come up with queries related to their dreams. Before Anas died in Basra in 83 AH in the days of the rule of Al-Walid Ibn Abd al-Malik, he requested that Ibn Sirin should be the one leading the funeral prayers and washing him, but the problem was that Ibn Sirin was imprisoned at the time. He was one of the writers of Malik and the two men have a strong relationship and a great affection for each other. Rising-up in a dream has same meaning as to see Awakening . He had a business of textile. Ibn Sirin dream interpretation website. They were so close to each other that Anas bin Malik proposed that ibn Sirin shall be the one conducting his funeral prayers. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. He was a contemporary of Anas ibn Malik. But so what, web pages an established blog. This article is truly a pleasant one it helps Are you ready for this change? According to Sunnah, dreams are divided into three categories: These constitute true or good dreams, which are believed to be from Allah. Islamic Dream Meanings provides a complete A - Z dream dictionary of skillfully, well-crafted dream interpretations for free. The Quran refers to dreams as Ruyaa (vision), Manam (sleep), Hulum (dream) and Bushra (tidings). For more information, please read our Privacy Policy, Ibn Sirin was one of the pioneers of the science of the interpretation of dreams. His birth came two years before the end of the rule of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan. Im thinking about creating my own but Im not sure where to start. The ocean or sea represents a huge realm and a strong dynasty as long as there is no evidence of mud, silt, or ominous waves. Yes, the holy Quran does mention about dreams. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Hi to every one, the contents existing at this site are genuinely awesome for people knowledge, well, It means enmity, evil, jealousy, deceit, even perfidy. Try again. Islamic Dream Meanings and Interpretations Ibn Sirin Islamic Dream Meaning and Interpretation Use the Search Space on the right to look for Islamic Dreams Interpretation in ALL Languages. understanding something entirely, but this post offers fastidious understanding yet. Ibn Sirin, can be seen as one of the first pioneers of the science of the interpretation of dreams in Islam; integrating [] Using your mobile phone camera - scan the code below and download the Kindle app. Mohammad Ibn Sirin: The Master of Dream Interpretation. Your email address will not be published. Unable to add item to List. I truly appreciate this article post.Really looking forward to read more. Verily, I saw eleven stars and the sun and the moon, I saw them prostrating themselves to me. He said: O my son! Both Sunni and Shia Muslims may ask our advice to help decode the meaning of your dream. people are searching around for this info, you could aid them greatly. All the dreams seen by the Prophets are truthful however, sometimes they may need interpretation. web ibn sirin islamic dream meaning and interpretation use the search space on the right to look for islamic dreams interpretation in all languages . Muhammad Ibn Sirin (born in Basra) was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century. I uninstall it and trying to redownload it again is giving me some difficulty. I do believe that you should write more about this issue, such issues. Uploaded by Ibn Sirin grew up in an educational atmosphere where he studied under many companions, including: Zaid ibn Thabit, Amran bin Hossain, Anas bin Malik, Abu Hurairah and Abdullah bin Zubair. dreams islam Addeddate 2018-04-23 19:37:51 Identifier IbnSirinDictionaryOfDreams Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t22c5rf50 Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Ppi 300 Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.6.3. In a dream, if the person sees himself swallowing the entire sea, and only the king can see him, it foretells that he will rule and have a long life. Anyhow I am here now and would just like to say thanks a lot for a marvelous post and a all round On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. His fathers relationship with Anas bin Malik was nothing compared to Ibn Sirins relationship with the man. Occasional nightmares usually are nothing to worry about, but there might be an underlying cause. He used to directly interpret the dreams of people in the markets and councils. Renowned Islamic scholar Ibn Sirin, an expert on dream interpretation mentions in his classical book on the subject that dream interpretation is a difficult science and that scholars treat it with the upmost care. There are certain things that should be kept in mind by the Muslims attempting to interpret a dream. Its very well written; I love what youve got to say. it might not be a taboo matter but typically folks dont speak about keep up the good work fellows. If snow is present throughout its season, it represents wiping away troubles and revealing rivals or jealous friends. it was still worth it! Thanks a lot! Clearly, the scholars, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), as well as the Quran highlight that some dreams have meanings and symbols. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on September 20, 2015. I was curious if you ever thought of changing the layout of your people could connect with it better. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we dont use a simple average. The vaccination registration website address is: Visitors arriving in Saudi Arabia are also required to provide a negative PCR COVID-19 test taken no more than 72 hours before departure and an approved paper vaccination certificate, issued by the official health authorities in the issuing country. 3400+ Islamic Dream Interpretations by Muhammad Ibn Sirin Muhammad Ibn Sirin (born in Basra) was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century According to Yehia Gouda's. Ibn Sirins grandfather is from the region of Jerjeraya in central Baghdad, east of the Tigris River. Thankfulness to my father who stated to me concerning this website, this webpage is in fact amazing. Do you know if they make any plugins to help with SEO? of magnificent informative site. my very own blog now . You understand, lots of Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Islam says that dreams can be meaningful but the scholars have warned that not all dreams should be considered as such. Safety starts with understanding how developers collect and share your data. I really need it. The most notable of the books attributed to him is Dreams and Interpretations. Use the Search Space on the right to look for Islamic Dreams Interpretation in ALL Languages. Your style is so unique compared to other people Ive read These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. I surprise how much attempt you place to make the sort web site so i got here to return the choose?.I am trying to find issues to enhance my web site!I guess its ok to use a few of your ideas!! You should take part in a contest for one of the highest quality blogs Stay updated about exciting Umrah deals, latest news, guides, tips & more. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations. He was short and suffered from a slight deafness, but that did not prevent him from associating with people. The majority of the dreams seen by the righteous people are truthful as Shaitans control on them is quite weak. Ive read some just right stuff here. 'Umar sent him as a present, either directly to Anas ibn Malik (one of the most authoritative sources on the life and opinions expressed by Muhammad) or first to a man called Talha Al-Bukhari (from Bukhara, Central Asia) who, in turn, gave him to Anas. . Good visions (Ru'yaa) These constitute true or good dreams, which are believed to be from Allah. 1, p.546, Edition. 5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars. To the next! Read: Snake Islamic Dream Interpretation WHALE To dream of seeing a whale approaching a ship indicates that you will struggle between duties and will be threatened with loss of property. iPhone. But try not to be alarmed or grossed out, In most dreams the peacock usually relates to pride, confidence, self-assurance, dignity, and serenity based off of their behaviours. According to Yehia Gouda's most authoritative encyclopedic reference book on Muslim oneiromancy. His father Muhammad was a copper potter artisan and came to work in Ain al-Tamer. Ibn Sirin always dyed his hair with henna which was his distinctive mark. A nightmare isa disturbing dream associated with negative feelings, such as anxiety or fear that jolts you out of sleep. He is claimed by some to have been an interpreter of dreams, though others regard the books to have been falsely attributed to him. He used to work in the market during the day and spend the night praying and studying. Do you have any suggestions? Keep up the great work! Those who are unable to understand or interpret their dreams will find this book very helpful. On the other hand, a warning from Allah occurs swiftly. I read this article fully regarding the difference of hottest and previous technologies, its awesome article. Also, the Quran mentions the following incident about dreams and their interpretations: When Ysuf said to his father: O my father! Report abuse. Mohammad Ibn Sirin or Abu Bakr al-Bassari is known as the master of dream interpretation of Islamic history. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Islamic Dreams Interpretation - 2020. 3400+ Islamic Dream Interpretations by Muhammad Ibn Sirin Muhammad Ibn Sirin (born in Basra) was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century According to Yehia Gouda's most authoritative encyclopedic reference book on Muslim oneiromancy He . Greetings! Nevertheless, the references of Ibn Sirin in the interpretation is still vague to this day and has not been reviewed enough through studies to shed light on his talents in this area. He had a business of textile. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. expertise to make your own blog? He had a great knowledge in this field, but apparently he was not much interested in money or trade. Performing Umrah With Kids: Tips To Plan Well, Rules For Minors, Kiswa Of Kaaba The Holy Cloth That Adorns The House Of Allah, RCU To Develop Tram Network Connecting Al Ula Landmarks, E-Draw Conducted As Hajj Registration For Domestic Pilgrims Closes, Saudi Arabia Relaxes COVID-19 Protocols For Hajj 2022, Kaffara: A Compulsory Donation For Sinning And Missing Fast, Boulevard Riyadh City: Location, Timings, Attractions, And More, Red Sea Mall: Shops, Restaurants, Cinema And More, King Abdullah Park: Location, Timings, History, And Attractions, Splash Water Park, Riyadh: Rides, Tickets, And Tips, Al Fasiliah Tower: A Revolutionary Skyscraper In The Center Of Riyadh, https://muqeem.sa/#/vaccine-registration/home. Bad dreams are believed to be from Shaitan. make the most important changes. It is the little changes that will 1- According to Ibn Sirin the greatest dream interpreter of Islam, the beard in a dream for a man means luxury. What does it mean to see scissors in a dream. He was bold in interpreting dreams even to the rulers, which caused him many troubles but he didnt care. Add both to Cart. [citation needed]. The Interpretation of Dreams in Islam - Ibn Sirin's Interpretation of Dreams The interpretation of dreams has been a human preoccupation throughout recorded history. Several of these observations and understandings correspond with the recent theories proposed by modern psychologists. Incident - The Moon merging in Alcyone Dream Explanation, Incident - Piercing eggs from the top and Extracting the White Dream Explanation, Incident - Digging the grave of Prophet Muhammad (SAWS) Dream Explanation, Incident - A Pitcher with Two Heads Dream Explanation, Incident - Short Black Woman Dream Explanation, Incident - Pebble Going Into Ear Dream Explanation, Incident - Amputated Hands Dream Explanation, Incident - A bull coming out of a small rock Dream Explanation, Incident - Sucking on a date Dream Explanation, Incident - The moon entering the planet Taurus Dream Explanation, Incident - The two pearls Dream Explanation, Incident - The Hidden Walnuts Dream Explanation, Incident - a pot filled with Milk and a pot filled with Honey Dream Explanation, Incident - Swallowming Small Pearls Dream Explanation, Incident - A Big Bird Landing Upon a Jasmine Tree Dream Explanation, Prophet Dislikes Shackles Dream Explanation. So they put him in jail. Muhammad Ibn Sirin ( Arabic: ) (born in Basra) was a Muslim tabi' who lived in the 8th century CE. Ibn Sirin dream interpretations Incident - The Moon merging in Alcyone Dream Explanation Once Imam Ibn Sirin was sitting to eat his lunch when a woman came and said: "I saw a dream." Ibn Sirin replied: "Would you let me eat first, or would you like me to stop and listen to your dream?" The woman said: "Eat first," and she sat waiting for him. exciting blog (I also love the theme/design), I dont have time to browse it all at Many Islamic dream interpretation theories and observations have been proposed by various Muslim thinkers and philosophers over the past 1500 years. Muhammad Ibn Sirin (Arabic: ) (born in Basra) was a Muslim tabi' who lived in the 8th century CE. Full and well interpret and I like it cause it request no data but the problem am having now is that the app is no more working on my phone anymore. this site, and your views are pleasant in favor of new people. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. I like what I see so i am just following you. was wondering if you knew where I could get a captcha plugin for my Suggested Read: Kiswa Of Kaaba The Holy Cloth That Adorns The House Of Allah. Description The Interpretation of Dreams By Ibn Sirin ISBN: 9781870582087 The interpretation of dreams has always provoked interest in all societies, even in secular ones like ours. He combined the interpretation with reading the human mind. in such an ideal manner of writing? Once regarded as the same person as Achmet son of . Islamic dreams about Ibn Sirin find dream interpretations. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Doing this can spoil or corrupt a dream and is considered a great sin. Therefore, dream interpretation must be treated with caution. Read more. Ibn Sirin is one of the Tabieen , born during the Caliphate of Uthman in 33 AH. In fact, your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get Look forward to looking over your web page yet again. 1- According to Ibn Sirin the greatest dream interpreter of Islam, a male parrot in a dream is interpreted as a son. In Islam, dreams are considered to be a kind of spiritual perception. His father was owned by Anas bin Malik who took him after the battle of Ain al-Tamar, which occurred in 12 AH, between the army of Khalid ibn al-Walid and the armies of the Sassanian and the Persians west of the city of Anbar, and where Khalid conquered the area in the days of the succession of Abu Bakr Siddiq. Makadara. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. He grew up under the guidance of great intellects such as; Many people do not know that Mohammad Ibn Sirin who is known for his dream interpretation had a short height and some hearing issues. Very useful advice within this article! Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Reviewed in the United Kingdom on December 23, 2016. Never pay the full price, join the Saudi Coupon Codes group and get sales updates and discount codes in one place. (Supplied). Topics dreams islam Collection opensource Language English. Ibn Sirin dream interpretations Incident - The Moon merging in Alcyone Dream Explanation Once Imam Ibn Sirin was sitting to eat his lunch when a woman came and said: "I saw a dream." Ibn Sirin replied: "Would you let me eat first, or would you like me to stop and listen to your dream?" The woman said: "Eat first," and she sat waiting for him. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam (London; Leiden & E.J. and I am at the search for such information. In a dream, snow, and fire that are next to one other, stand in for love, passion, and connection. He was a pious man who would keep fasts often. For the latest updates, you can join our WhatsApp group or Telegram Channel. Maybe you could space it out better? His reputation, nevertheless, will last longer than his wealth. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. An Islamic Dream Dictionary uses the Koran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad to break down and interpret each dream symbol, and of course how the unconscious communicates with us. No. The same symbol occurring in a dream can have different meanings for different people as per Islamic dream interpretation. Besides, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) said, There are three types of dreams: a righteous dream which is glad tidings from Allah, the dream which causes sadness is from Shaitan and a dream from the ramblings of the mind.. It also warns you from a rich enemy or a person of innovation that destroys with his poison; on the positive side, this reptile represents riches, especially if you kill it. In Islam, dreams are seen as a form of spiritual perception. We absolutely love your blog and find a lot of your whoah this weblog is great i really like reading your posts. Usually, interpreters interpret dreams according to peoples wishes. True dreams are accompanied by a feeling that they were inspired by Allah. Ibn Sirin would listen to their dreams and would tell their meaning to them. But maybe you could a little more in the way of content so This book is a re-hash of another book I have and so wasn't as good as I'd expected. Abu Bakr took his name from his mother's former owner, the first caliph of Muslims following the death of Prophet Mohammed. As Prophet Yusuf was bestowed with this skill by Allah, Ibn Sirin learned it by his passion. Mohammad Ibn Sirin or Abu Bakr al-Bassari is known as the master of dream interpretation of Islamic history. Or was nog what it seemed to be. He was particularly renowned for his extraordinary skill in interpreting dreams as . Ibn Sirin, the most popular dream interpreter in the history of Islam, devised a system for dream interpretation based on the fact that both Hadith and the Quran teach Muslims to respect the psychological and spiritual importance of the dream experience. He worked in the textile business because of his thorough knowledge of clothes, colors and trade. They were so close to each other that Anas bin Malik proposed that ibn Sirin shall be the one conducting his funeral prayers. Do you ever run into any internet browser compatibility problems? He was known for his innocent humor and laughter. and paragraph is actually fruitful in support of me, Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. Hello to all, how is everything, I think every one is getting more from everything is empty. Know more. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Also, the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) advised that those who have good dreams should share them with only those who they like and trust. Thank you! After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Ibn Sirin went to Persia to study from bin Malik. My partner and I stumbled over here from a different page and thought I might as well check things out. This excellent website definitely has all the info I needed concerning this subject and didnt know who to ask. There was a problem loading your book clubs. These cookies do not store any personal information. Do you have a spam problem on this blog; I also am a blogger,and I was wanting to know your situation; many of us have created some nice practicesand we are looking to exchange solutions with others, be sure to shoot me an e-mail if interested. Yet Ibn Sirin would tell what was truth and this quality of his caused him trouble. A major controversy has erupted over the place where Prophet Yusuf (Joseph) lived in Egypt thousands of years ago. Fantastic. Download the free Kindle app and start reading Kindle books instantly on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Islamic Dream Meaning According to Sunnah, dreams are divided into three categories: 1. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Zamzam.com uses cookies for proper & secured functioning of the site, and personalizing its content & advertising to ensure a superior user experience. Sleigh bell ; has same meaning as to see bell in dream. Those who spend their life truthfully are more likely to have true dreams. It was subsequently reprinted numerous times in various parts of the Arab World under different titles. ABCDEFGHI JKLMNOP QRSTUVWXYZ. Snakes are one of the most iconic, yet powerful dream symbols that brings transformation and enemies. He studied under him and traveled to Persia to learn from him. If you know of any please share. Ive a presentation subsequent week, Now in our dreams one of, Poop dreams are so embarrassing it is even sometimes hard to type to find the meaning. Brill, 1971), vol. The greatest contribution of Mohammad Ibn Sirin for Islam is his book which means dream interpretation. For information, my other dream interpretation book was lost and so my comparison for this review is that book. It could also represent disease or paralysis. Dreaming about lighting a fire and seeing others being led by its light suggests that the individual who lit the fire will eventually become a source of illumination for others via knowledge and wisdom. He was known for his friendship with the mystic hermit Hassan al-Basri (110-110 AH) who died only 100 days later, both of whom took a route no different from the other. Muhammad Ibn Sirin was known for correctly interpreting dreams from 8th century. Ibn Sirin was a contemporary to al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi (died 95 AH), and many of the princes and caliphs of Bani Umayya. You are expecting new growth in your life. In spite of his high spirits, he used to cry a lot at night in his house, and he used to sing poetry sometimes. 3- A beard longer than the belly button means that he would suffer sadness and sorrow. 3400+ Islamic Dream Interpretations by Muhammad Ibn Sirin Muhammad Ibn Sirin (born in Basra) was a Muslim interpreter of dreams who lived in the 8th century Thanks a lot for sharing! Id be very grateful if you could elaborate a little bit more. this blog. Flying in dreams offers the dreamer freedom from what held them down in the past. Im not very techincal but I can figure things out pretty quick. Thank you for any other fantastic post. Top subscription boxes right to your door, 1996-2023, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Learn more how customers reviews work on Amazon. And, dream interpretation, also known as oneiromancy, is described using the Arabic terms Tafsir or Tabir amongst Muslims. Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. started and set up my own. He was very attached to her and never raised his voice in her presence. thats why i have read it completely. show you personalized advertising. 3, p.947, Ibn Sirin's mother, Safiyya a servant of the caliph Abu Bakr was held in such esteem within the community that when she died, her laying-out was performed by three of Muhammad's wives and eighteen Badris (veterans of the battle of Badr), led by Ubay ibn Ka'b, were present at her burial. Show details. He would always help people which made him very respected among popular circles. you offer guest writers to write content for yourself? Arabic for All People Old woman Dream Explanation In a dream, an old woman represents the ending of one's life in this world, sorrows, the hereafter, wine, or bearing children after having lost hope in one's fertility. Reviewed in the United States on October 10, 2016. It is advisable to avoid mentioning a dream for interpretation to anyone other than a scholar or a person you trust to be truthful and sincere. Youve got an awful lot of text for only having 1 or two pictures. Many thanks for posting when youve got the opportunity, Guess Ill just book mark as you who are not afraid to mention how they believe. Always follow your heart. As for his mother, she was called Safia and she was owned by Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, before she was freed. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) also advised offering prayer if anyone ever has a bad dream and never disclose it to anyone. Those who spend their life truthfully are more likely to have true dreams.