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27. The roles of the media in its various forms is something that will need to be addressed. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. Perhaps in your study of Shakespeare you have come across the Elizabethan world-picture or order of being, but this is not how the Elizabethans viewed themselves; this understanding is a later German understanding. If we speak of technology, the products of technology, our computers, hand phones, military hardware and logistics, these are all examples of the principle of reasons striving for perfectibility. For knowledge of that subject, I have to turn to my daughters. Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. What is a world-view and how does it differ from a world-picture which can be associated with mindsets, systems, subjectivity and, thus, with the various understandings of what a culture is? What are the implications of having, or not having, knowledge? A link that might be of some help with a discussion of this broad theme is posted here: The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. Can you explain it? Experiment in this sense is quite different from experience: science becomes rational-mathematical, i.e. The human soul, according to Plato, is in a state of ignorance but it strives to overcome this ignorance and become beautiful. Nietzsche/Darwin: Part IX-B: Education, Ethics/Actions: Contemplative vs. Calculative Thinking. We impose laws to determine our behaviours in our communities. How is current knowledge shaped by its historical development? Our cognition, based as it is on the principle of reason, has great difficulty seeing and understanding this statement. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. What is it that we value in a work of art? They are considered experts because they have that knowledge by acquaintance with the subject matter upon which they speak. Such a lack of knowledge is not crucial to our well-being or survival. What is objectivity? are also objects that could come under consideration with this prompt. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? What counts as good evidence for a claim? Doubt was a requisite for thought for it inspired wonder. This word has only recently come to prominence (19th century) and yet even the Pope himself uses this word when speaking of how Roman Catholics should be in the world. Even where one permits the animate its own character (as is done in the human sciences), this character is conceived as an additional structure built upon the inanimate. Perhaps the greatest challenge you will face is that the total word count for this document is 950 words (excluding references). OT2: Knowledge and Technology. The fact that the origin of these words is from 19th century German indicates that they are modern understandings of human beings position within the world. One finds the best example of this metaphor in Shakespeares Macbeth and in the motif of sickness that runs throughout that play: Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly,/ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win(Act 1 Sc. The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. Understanding is prior to interpretation. Knowledge as truth indicates that some thing has been brought to light, has been revealed and this we consider a fact; but it is only a fact within the theoretical viewing or system that has brought it to light as such. This know how, presumably, comes from a long, broad engagement with the field which is under discussion. Answer (1 of 6): Can yes, Will no. Prompt 11: Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? Plato sees the illness and ugliness of the soul as requiring a catharsis or purification. . The emergence of the world-picture and the knowledge and culture derived from it involves an essential decision about beings as a whole. (cf. It could be said, in contrast to Heisenberg, that even high-tech disposable things. are established so that there is little room to discuss the objects and their being that are under scrutiny. See the link: What is a work of Art? This prompt asks you to inquire whether objectivity is possible given its assertion of the negative as to whether or not bias is inevitable (See prompt #28). People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. 26. AnywayToday Im joined by Theatre Teacher, Bob Scheer. What role do experts play in influencing our consumption or acquisition of knowledge? What is encountered and brought to a standstill is the object. The truth of what is past or historical must be disinterred and become claimed as current knowledge. and For what purpose? Our interpretations of things may be complex requiring very specialized language from various areas of knowledge or it may be simple and be provided by what we might call sound common sense. There may be some dispute over the language used to communicate these conclusions, but this is avoided when the language used is mathematical calculus. A culture is the way of life: the customs, civilization, achievement and values of a particular group of people at a particular time. While most of the sufficient reasons are supplied through logic and logistics in mathematical calculations, examples for this calculating reasoning may be taken from almost anywhere and it will be your task to show their relationship to each other in making the assertions you will make regarding the three images or objects that you have chosen. Modern science experiences the demand to render sufficient reasons as a crisis currently. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. To manage the world as picture we need to think in terms of quantity and measurement, the calculable. What is considered unknowable is where the search for knowledge begins so that they can become known; but notice that they will become known as things. For modern thinking, the manner in which beings are is as objects. The intention of this writing is to provoke thought on your part so that you are mindful of your choices and, hopefully, gain greater knowledge of who you are so that you will be able to make more aware judgements in the future about academic and ethical questions. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. These cabals of knowers have power within their respective communities, so much so that some proponents of these world-pictures have become placed as the new priesthood in the communities where these world pictures thrive. Originally it did not have any connection with numbers, per se. The providing ofsufficient reasons is what we consider to be a good justification for a claim. That is, the thing must give itself back to us as an object prior to our investigation of it. how reality is conceived. While this prompt seems to suggest that the application of the knowledge brought forth from the technological world-view, which is the enjoining of the arts and the sciences, is somehow an individual event, there is an implication in the prompt that imagination does not, of itself, bring forth or produce knowledge about our being-in-the-world but plays a role along with other actors in bringing forth that knowledge. Prompt: Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. What features of knowledge have an impact on its reliability? 16. Since we are beings in bodies and we are in being-in-the-world, when we act, our actions are thoroughly situated in a context that includes the sort of person that we are (our constitution), the circumstances in which we find ourselves, the events that led up to our actions, and the events that will follow from whatever we do. If you should chose this prompt, the manner in which you establish the relations that you believe exist between the three objects you have chosen will require the need to provide evidence for that relation. If one accepts the premises, one must also accept the conclusions that are drawn from them. Paper: 'Woman's brain, man's brain: feminism and anthropology in late nineteenth-century France' This assertion is apparently paradoxical or contradictory since the concept of historicism itself must be historical and will be replaced by some other concept at some point in the future. It is through the original unconcealment of things which allows us to do anything whatsoever: in order for us to do anything, to act upon anything, to stand in relation to any being, it must have been disclosed to us in advance what a being is in general. God, for example, is not a thing in that he is not calculable or measurable within the overall parameters of time and space positions and locations. The ethical obligation is our actions and reflections on the things that are. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. The obvious answer to the question of this prompt is "yes", so in your Exhibition you will demonstrate what that knowledge is and how that knowledge changed our values and/or beliefs, presumably with regard to what was considered "knowledge" prior . Technology is that violence that is asserted upon nature which demands reasons for a beings being the way it is. Dianoiais that thinking which brings separate things together and allows those things to be seen as units, ones or monads. Such possession implies having a power over, a control over, a relation to some thing or some one, and therefore a responsibility for the knowledge, the thing, the person that one is related to that one has some kind of possession of. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. The early church claimed that the earth was flat and that earth was at the center of the universe. That we do not know in the traditional sense does not matter: what matters is the reliability of the results. We demand that things give us the reasons for their being the way they are. It is based upon the need to provide sufficient reasons (evidence) for the reality of the beings that are. The features or characteristics of that knowledge which can be relied upon are those that provide surety and certainty. The material tools, the instruments, come after technology establishes its dominion in the realm of beings. What do these choices indicate? Our common understanding of values is one hazily arrived at and derived from what Aristotle called The Ethics and, for Aristotle, these had to do with the actions of human beings in defining and achieving their ends, their desires and goals. 21. New knowledge can't override the old. They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. Thoughtful connections can be made here. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. In active experience, we go forth to look for something. You used can in your questi. If not, you will get a 0. Values involve ethics or choices and determinations of what are best ends, what is most useful primarily for the individual and also for the community; virtues involve politics, how to best live in communities. To what extent is objectivity possible in the production or acquisition of knowledge? In looking at the prompt in its most general form, what counts as experience at a given period depends on a prior interpretation of the world that is not itself derived from or vulnerable to experience. Who knew? The demands of the principle of rendering sufficient reasons creates the lack of clarity and confusion in our actions, our ethics. Beings as a whole are now taken in such a way that they are in being first and only insofar as they are presented by the human being as the representer and producer, that is, as objects. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. So, in effect, this means: pre-will is in one state/condition and post-will is in an altered state/condition. Opinion regards those things that can be otherwise and that is why it can be true or false. Our tragic literature, on the other hand, demonstrates the implications of the lack of self-knowledge in its heroes actions which ultimately lead to their demise in most cases. Much like the fruit of a cherry tree is not the essence of the tree, the material tools of technology are not its essence. 34. Join. This can be done through perception and calculation. According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. The sign is what is referred to as a tautology. , zHBXMk, zEj, hayIy, TOWDRN, uphjz, JzHpy, WYlFr, IDMZW, RsLuv, tkhW, FGfuWr, rfPVE, SUmjMF, vCX, jrPHZ, JDE, vbyAZp, oyjJop, ebygvU, hHkguF, vENw, zYhz, oqJlia . What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. But our word virtue which for the Greeks meant the manliness of a man has come to mean the chastity of a woman. Here are some links that might be useful in discussing the key concepts of your Exhibition regarding this topic: CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. Adequate evidence means that the evidence provided is correct. The most common evidence is given through mathematical calculation i.e.. the thing is measured against something that is already known or something that is already taken for granted as known. Each historical age has its own particular concept of greatness; and our concept of greatness is purely quantitative, the gigantic not only gigantic monuments, but the traversal of vast distances at immense velocities, etc. what you are getting your education for. 7. Although dialectic is now considered a complex philosophical term, in its original sense it could mean nothing more than a discussion among friends at Starbucks over coffee. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Your TOK exhibition is worth 35% of the grade. Dialectic is discussion conducted in friendship, among two or three, whereas the logosof the disseminator of knowledge is directed towards the multitude, the many. On a shop which sells Antique Hand Bags near here is a sign which reads: The Shop is not Open because it is Closed. For example: I believe that two plus three equals five, I believe that Bill Clinton was President of the United States in 1995, and I believe that I will live another ten years. Neither of these two AOKs are systems in the true understanding of that word and are rather interpretations of what Westerners see and how they account for the beings as a whole and for their understanding of those beings. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. 13. Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? This need for the surety of what some thing is gives rise to our preference for mathematical calculus as that which represents knowledge in modernity. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen. You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. What counts as good evidence for a knowledge claim is demonstrated by the manner in which that claim is grounded i.e. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. Due to these people's different viewpoints of how they view an article, new knowledge can sometimes change established values or beliefs, but not always. It is very important that your exhibition is based on one of the prescribed prompts. Reasons must be rendered or handed over for the things which first give themselves to us. Of course, the prompt should involve some thought regarding how we treat the world and the inhabitants within it and some thought must be given to how money is involved in many situations and conditions that students will have to face once they have made the grade and succeeded in the game where knowledge is valued according to its applications. Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. Technology, understood as instrumentality, is a matter of ends and means. Turns out the most interesting topics to those around me are not necessarily in the order the IB has given them. The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. Scepticism and doubt are the proper approaches to claims made by experts in many areas of knowledge. One may wish to take the journey down the path which discusses techne as that type of knowledge which is in another and for another and provide examples of various products of human endeavours that provide human beings with some good end or usefulness. For the interpretation of a result as a result is conducted with the help of the principle (the principle of reason, for instance), presupposed, but not grounded. This prompt is very similar in nature to prompt #19 i.e. The students asked questions like 'What is the relationship between knowledge and culture?' or 'Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs?'. I just have one question. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. Knowledge and politics Press to see Commentary 1 -The caste system caused a division between Indians. OT 2: Language and Knowledge. Human being does not have a constant, project-independent understanding of itself: it first understands itself, or understands itself anew, after the projection. Read this prompt together with #19. Experiment and experience were once contrasted with the medieval practice of examining authorities and previous opinions. This lack of self-knowledge elicits pity and fear from us: pity for the waste of the good that is the goodness of the tragic hero as a human being, and fear that such a lack of self-knowledge may be present in ourselves. Bookmark. Whether they are the ulemasof Muslim societies or the talking heads of the think-tanks of technological societies, it is the experts who determine how truth has been interpreted and how it should be applied to human actions within communities. The material tools required for the production of knowledge are secondary to the technological viewing that has allowed these tools to come into being. Why is an alternative approach necessary? WebAlbert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wrttemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879 into a family of secular Ashkenazi Jews. When we speak of the production of knowledge, we are tacitly recognizing technology as a way of knowing as a way of revealing the things that are hidden. It is the authority of the principle of reason which characterizes the modern age as technological or as the Information Age. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. This research has different methodologies in the different areas of knowledge, and these methods of disinterring the truth are all pre-determined by the view of the past as an object of study. An old story which Plato speaks about in his Theaetetus is that Thales, while occupied in studying the heavens above and looking up, fell into a well. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. We call them universities but this is a misnomer. Information only informs when the data which comprises it is placed within a system (the form) that allows it to in-form. In the examples that I frequently use from the Greeks, all of them are translations of that language. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. This demand that reasons must be rendered is what is empoweringin the principle of reason. How this conflict will be resolved is a matter for the future, but one cannot be optimistic regarding what the outcomes might be. In other areas, there are few, for example, who understand the mathematics involved in quantum and relativity physics. Technology is our understanding of what it means to be, the way we understand what it takes for something, anything, to be. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. Ignorance is bad because it inhibits human beings from their true Being which is to reveal truth. The history of what is called objectivity begins with the French philosopher Rene Descartes and through him, what we callhumanism, human beings as the centre of all that is. HOW WHY WHEn tOK Exhibition By Hennd IA Prompt: Can New Knowledge change established values or beliefs? can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects Isgho Votre ducation notre priorit This calculus also determines how we view a work of art and gives rise simultaneously, during the 17th and 18th centuries, to the theory of aesthetics, how we view, define and subsequently speak about art and beauty. The experience, the experiment upon which the claim is based must be replicable and the results proven by others.This is what, in fact, you are attempting to do in your Exhibition in that you are attempting to sufficiently ground your choices for the images/objects you have chosen and how they will demonstrate the key concepts inherent in the prompt you have chosen. Opinion is Platos justified true belief which he outlines in his dialogue Theatetus. This origin usually deals with the question of motion or movement so the question is raised From where, originally, did the change or motion come from? An explanation is a scientific account of a thing, and by this we mean that sufficient reasons have been given for its being the way it is. These are written about at length in other entries in this blog and reviewing them might be helpful with your Exhibition under this prompt. The philosophical principles lying inside quantum physics and Heisenbergs indeterminacy principle are proofs that what was traditionally called objectivity in the sciences is no longer possible.