Awareness and identification helps speakers better understand communication, speech, and stuttering along with their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. Teigland, A. SLPs also need to discuss with persons who stutter and their families how to evaluate the veracity and trustworthiness of sites claiming to cure stuttering that they may find on their own. B., & Al-Khamra, R. (2015). For a child with normal disfluencies, a "wait and see" approach is much more acceptable than for a child with early stuttering. Impact of stuttering severity on adolescents domain-specific and general self-esteem through cognitive and emotional mediating processes. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 62, 105725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105725, Plexico, L. W., Manning, W. H., & DiLollo, A. Counseling individuals with fluency disorders and their families and providing education aimed at self-acceptance and reducing negative reactions (see ASHAs Practice Portal page on, Consulting and collaborating with individuals with fluency disorders, families, other professionals, peers, and other invested parties to identify priorities and build consensus on an intervention plan focused on functional outcomes (see ASHAs resources on. (2016a). Motivational interviewing may be used to help individuals who stutter better understand the thoughts and feelings associated with their stuttering and make positive changes to improve communication. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 54, 113. The Present Levels of Academic Achievement and Functional Performance statements are based on objective data. (2018). (2010). https://doi.org/10.1159/000486032, Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2018). Estimates of incidence and prevalence vary due to a number of factors, including disparities in the sample populations (e.g., age), how stuttering was defined, and how stuttering was identified (e.g., parent report, direct observation). Trait and social anxiety in adults with chronic stuttering: Conclusions following meta-analysis. Drayna, D. (2011). They may hesitate when speaking, use fillers (like or uh), or repeat a word or phrase. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 11(2), 131149. Preus, A. Partners may be sources of support for treatment of stuttering (Beilby et al., 2013). Differentiating between typical disfluencies and stuttering (i.e., ambiguous and unambiguous moments of stuttering) is a critical piece of assessment, particularly for preschool children (see ASHAs resource on characteristics of typical disfluency and stuttering). Guitar, B. Anger/Resistance, 4. Studies of cluttering: Perceptions of cluttering by speech-language pathologists and educators. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd11.1.7, Shenker, R. C. (2011). The skilled helper: A problem-management and opportunity-development approach to helping. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 120.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.001. if a child has typical disfluencies or a fluency disorder (see ASHAs resource on. Given that cluttering may co-occur with other disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, Tourettes syndrome, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), having any of these disorders may be a risk factor; however, not all individuals with these disorders also exhibit cluttering. having flexibility based on individual needs and desired outcomes (Amster & Klein, 2018). The Lidcombe Program of early stuttering intervention: A clinicians guide. ), Stuttering and related disorders of fluency (pp. (2005). However, the clinician needs to consider the impact of disfluency on communication and quality of life as a whole. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_AJSLP-16-0079, Davis, S., Howell, P., & Cooke, F. (2002). The purpose of assessing school-age children and adolescents for fluency disorders is to determine the presence, the extent, andmost importantlythe impact of the fluency disorder and the potential benefit from treatment. Support activities can be incorporated into group treatment and through participation in self-help groups (Trichon & Raj, 2018), attendance at self-help conferences (Boyle et al., 2018; Gerlach et al., 2019; Trichon & Tetnowski, 2011), and participation in summer camp programs (Byrd et al., 2016). Individuals with disfluencies are seen in all of the typical speech-language pathology service settings, including private practices, university clinics, hospitals, and schools. (2011). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Fluency disorders can interfere with play, school, work, or social interactions (Yaruss & Quesal, 2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2010.12.003. See ASHAs Practice Portal resource on Transitioning Youth. Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2005). Seminars in Speech and Language, 24(1), 2126. The person exhibits physical tension or secondary behaviors (e.g., eye blinking, head nodding) associated with the disfluency. Acquired neurogenic and psychogenic stuttering are not covered. Some examples of disfluencies that are more typical of a person who clutters is excessive whole word repetitions, unfinished words and interjections (such as um and well). https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd22.2.51, Berquez, A., & Kelman, E. (2018). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(6), 14651479. Early childhood stuttering for clinicians by clinicians. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.05.003, Beilby, J. M., Byrnes, M. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2012b). https://doi.org/10.1080/2050571X.2016.1253533. School-age stuttering therapy: A practical guide. The clinical applications of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy with clients who stutter. Pro-Ed. Palin ParentChild Interaction Therapy for early childhood stammering. Therefore, clinicians may want to ask open-ended questions to assess communication across specific situations (e.g., How do you participate in class? How do you talk to strangers? Please describe a situation when you ordered food from a restaurant. How did it feel?). Stuttering in animal models, such as zebra finches (Chakraborty et al., 2017) and mice (Barnes et al., 2016; Han et al., 2019), has also been investigated, including how the expression of stuttering influences social behaviors of mice (Han et al., 2019). Strategies aimed at changing the timing and tension of speech production include. For bilingual individuals, it is important for the clinician to consider the language or languages used during intervention. The term overt stuttering is used when core speech behaviors are present. Treatment is sensitive to cultural and linguistic factors and addresses goals within WHOs ICF framework (ASHA, 2016a; Coleman & Yaruss, 2014; WHO, 2001; Yaruss, 2007; Yaruss & Quesal, 2004, 2006). For example, individuals who clutter may not be aware of communication breakdowns and, therefore, do not attempt to repair them. It is also not unusual for disfluencies to be apparent and then seem to go away for a period of weeks or months only to return again. Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (2013). 1997- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. World Health Organization. Persons who clutter can experience the same affective, behavioral, and cognitive reactions as those with stuttering, including communication avoidance, anxiety, and negative attitudes toward communication (Scaler Scott & St. Louis, 2011). Early childhood stuttering therapy: A practical guide. The creative process in avoidance reduction therapy for stuttering. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_AJSLP-19-00077, Tran, Y., Blumgart, E., & Craig, A. The person is experiencing negative reactions from others (e.g., peers, classmates, coworkers, family members). See What To Ask When Evaluating Any Procedure, Product, or Program. (2011). With regard to cluttering, research is not far enough along to identify causes. Multilingual children who stutter: Clinical issues. Children who stutter may demonstrate poorer expressive lexical skills compared to their peers (Silverman & Bernstein Ratner, 2002). Understanding and treating cluttering. Differing perspectives on what to do with a stuttering preschooler and why. If treatment is currently not warranted, the SLP educates the family about how to monitor the childs fluency to determine if and when the child should be reevaluated. Application of the ICF in fluency disorders. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.002, Boyle, M. P., Beita-Ell, C., & Milewski, K. M. (2019). being more comfortable and open with stuttering and pseudostuttering; reporting experiencing decreased anxiety while communicating; reporting less adverse psychological, emotional, social, and functional impacts; reporting enjoying social communication, including with strangers; and. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.01.003, Harley, J. Long-term consequences of childhood bullying in adults who stutter: Social anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, self-esteem, and satisfaction with life. In this way, positive reinforcement is used to increase or strengthen the response of fluency (the desired behavior). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32(2), 139162. These signs and symptoms are consistent with the diagnostic and associated features of childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering) listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed. A fluency disorder is an interruption in the flow of speaking characterized by atypical rate, rhythm, and disfluencies (e.g., repetitions of sounds, syllables, words, and phrases; sound prolongations; and blocks), which may also be accompanied by excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerisms (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 1993). This results in less effective social interactions. 255279). 115134). Bilingual children who stutter typically do so in both languages (Nwokah, 1988; Van Borsel et al., 2001). Although cluttering and stuttering can co-occur, there are some important distinctions between the two (see Scaler Scott, 2010). There may be a relationship between stuttering and working memory. The clinical process for an adult involves. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1648, Boscolo, B., Ratner, N. B., & Rescorla, L. (2002). The ASHA Leader, 19(7), 4448. Palin ParentChild Interaction therapy: The bigger picture. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 58, 2234. ), Cluttering: Research, intervention and education (pp. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(1), 1726. Disclosing a fluency disorder may be done a number of ways, such as verbally stating I stutter/have a speech disorder or by pseudostuttering or openly stuttering, while doing so confidently (McGill et al., 2018). The great psychotherapy debate: Models, methods, and findings. However, these compensations may compound the negative experience of stuttering over time. Hearne, A., Packman, A., Onslow, M., & Quine, S. (2008). Person- and family-centered practice offers a range of services, including counseling and emotional support, procuring information and resources, coordinating services, teaching specific skills to facilitate communication, and advocating for or with the individual and their family. (2008). Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age: A prospective community-based study. altering the size of the group or audience. Some children go through a disfluent period of speaking. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 43(4), 536548. A comprehensive treatment approach for preschoolers includes both parent- and child-focused strategies. Assessment of speech fluency (e.g., frequency, type, and duration of disfluencies), speech rate, speech intelligibility, and the presence of secondary behaviors in a variety of speaking tasks (e.g., conversational and narrative contexts). https://doi.org/10.1044/sbi15.2.75, Constantino, C. D., Manning, W. H., & Nordstrom, S. N. (2017). Available 8:30 a.m.5:00 p.m. discussion of personal issues (e.g., prior to, or in addition to, targeting generalization of skills in a group setting). It is not appropriate to determine a standard score if the norming sample of the assessment is not representative of the individual being assessed. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd17.2.4, Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2007a). 341358). Fluency refers to continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production. Logos, 3, 8295. 1997- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Plural. It is important to note that there are more clinical anecdotes than data to support this statement; further research on the incidence and prevalence of cluttering is needed (Scaler Scott, 2013). Consistent with a person- and family-centered approach to stuttering treatment, the SLP. BOBapp What are typical vs. atypical disfluencies in speech? https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(97)00008-9, Floyd, J., Zebrowski, P. M., & Flamme, G. A. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(12), 28952905. Given these potential issues, determining dosage often comes down to the professional opinion of the SLP and the needs of the individual. Advance online publication. language or learning disability (Ntourou et al., 2011). Screening of communication when a fluency disorder is suspected and as part of a comprehensive speech-language evaluation. Typical vs Atypical Pneumonia in Tabular Form 6. Measuring lexical diversity in children who stutter: Application of vocd. https://doi.org/10.1044/2018_AJSLP-ODC11-17-0189, Chakraborty, M., Chen, L.-F., Fridel, E. E., Klein, M. E., Senft, R. A., Sarkar, A., & Jarvis, E. D. (2017). Overall, the lifetime prevalence of stuttering was estimated to be 0.72% (Craig et al., 2002). Characteristics of Typical Disfluency and Stuttering Differentiating typical disfluencies and stuttering is a critical piece of assessment, particularly for preschool children. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.01.001. A meta-analysis did find differences in the receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and mean length of utterance between children who stutter and children who do not stutter, with children who stutter generally performing relatively weaker (Ntourou et al., 2011). Psychology Press. Preschool children who stutter showed differences in event-related brain potentials used as indices of language processing. Children and adolescents with fluency disorders may qualify for accommodations whether or not they have an active individualized education program (IEP). Plural. Consider the individuals age, preferences, and needs within the context of family and community when selecting and adapting treatment approaches and materials. There has been some documentation of the use of stuttering modification strategies to help those who clutter (Ward, 2006). Children who stutter may demonstrate decreased performance for phonological tasks such as nonword repetition (Wagovich & Anderson, 2010). increasing self-confidence and self-efficacy. Testing, and 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2007.02.002, Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2007b). https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3103.377, Weber-Fox, C., Wray, A. H., & Arnold, H. (2013). typical vs atypical disfluencies asha. It is important for clinicians to verify online sites and virtual support groups recommended to clients and their families. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020113, Coleman, C., & Yaruss, J. S. (2014). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33(2), 8198. Apraxia of Speech (Adults) Apraxia of Speech (Childhood) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder (ANSD) Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) Autism. https://doi.org/10.1044/cicsd_31_S_69, Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M. (2016). With adults, initiation of treatment depends on the individuals previous positive or negative intervention experiences and current needs pertaining to their fluency and the impact of their fluency disorder on communication in day-to-day activities and participation in various settings (e.g., community or work). Toward a better understanding of the process of disclosure events among people who stutter. Parents of Preschoolers Parents of school-age children Just for Kids Teens Adults Teachers SLPs Physicians Employers News and Blog February 7, 2023 Grace in Advocacy reducing secondary behaviors and minimizing avoidances. Screening is conducted whenever a fluency disorder is suspected or as part of a comprehensive speech and language assessment. seizure disorders (Briley & Ellis, 2018). Clinicians may start with the client observing videos of others who stutter (or a puppet for children) to help them identify patterns, attitudes, and beliefs about communication and stuttering. Onslow, M., & Yaruss, J. S. (2007). In E. Conture & R. F. Curlee (Eds. The ultimate goal is for individuals to understand these interactions and how they can manage the disfluencies and their reactions. ), Cluttering: Research, intervention and education (pp. A clinicians first responsibility when treating an individual of any age is to develop a thorough understanding of the stuttering experience and a speakers successful and unsuccessful efforts to cope with his or her communication problem (Manning & DiLollo, 2018, p. 370). The plan outlines reasonable accommodations for speaking or reading activities to help ensure a students academic success and access to the learning environment in school. The speaker is thought to be talking at a rate that is too fast for their system to handle, resulting in breakdowns in fluency and/or intelligibility (Bakker et al., 2011). Zablotsky, B., Black, L. I., Maenner, M. J., Schieve, L. A., Danielson, M. L., Bitsko, R. H., Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., & Boyle, C. A. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50(3), 261281. Factors that contribute to the perception of overt stuttering severity include frequency, duration, effort, naturalness, and the ability of the person who stutters to communicate effectively and efficiently. A comprehensive view of stuttering: Implications for assessment and treatment. There are two predominant types of atypical disfluencies: stuttering and cluttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6), 10971105. http://blog.asha.org/2013/09/26/how-can-you-tell-if-childhood-stuttering-is-the-real-deal/, Multisyllabic whole-word and phrase repetitions, Secondary behaviors (e.g., eye blinks, facial grimacing, changes in pitch or loudness), Avoidance behaviors (e.g., reduced verbal output or word/situational avoidances). Clinical utility of self-disclosure for adults who stutter: Apologetic versus informative statements. Ingham, R. J., & Onslow, M. (1985). It applies protections to ensure that programs and employment environments are accessible and to provide aids and services necessary for effective communication in these settings. These may include stuttering modification (described above) in addition to awareness, desensitization, cognitive restructuring, self-disclosure, and support. You do not have JavaScript Enabled on this browser. Epidemiology of stuttering: 21st century advances. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.001. Without proper intervention, children who exhibit signs of early stuttering are more at risk for continued stuttering. Recommending related services when necessary for management and treatment in different settings (e.g., classroom, work, community). Journal of Communication Disorders, 44(3), 276293. There is very little genetic information on cluttering, except for anecdotal reports that the speech characteristics have been found to be present in more than one member of a family (Drayna, 2011). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38520.451840.E0, Kelman, R., & Nicholas, A. Self-regulation and the management of stuttering. Emotional reactivity, regulation and childhood stuttering: A behavioral and electrophysiological study. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(88)90004-6, Onslow, M., & OBrian, S. (2012). Seminars in Speech and Language, 28(4), 312322. (2010). omission of word endings (e.g., Turn the televisoff). Treatment for all communication disorders, including fluency disorders, may necessitate adjustments to protocols, processes, and approaches for bilingual individuals. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.10.003, Bray, M. A., & Kehle, T. J. Thieme. https://doi.org/10.1044/2019_JSLHR-19-00137, Tichenor, S., & Yaruss, J. S. (2020). Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 20092017. Avoidance Reduction Therapy for Stuttering (ARTS). American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 2(2), 6573. ), Cluttering: Research, intervention and education (pp. the asha leader; journals. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awu400, Choi, D., Conture, E. G., Walden, T. A., Lambert, W. E., & Tumanova, V. (2013). Bowling Green State University Archive. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-37384, Finn, P., & Cordes, A. K. (1997). St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F., Bakker, K., & Raphael, L. (2007). https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2003/070), Arenas, R. M., Walker, E. A., & Oleson, J. J. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(02)00162-6, Singer, C. M., Hessling, A., Kelly, E. M., Singer, L., & Jones, R. M. (2020). Preliminary research suggests adults who clutter demonstrate differences in cortical and subcortical activity compared to controls (Ward et al., 2015). ; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Not all of these approaches are appropriate for the treatment of cluttering (see Cluttering Treatment below). Speech modification (including fluency shaping) strategies (Bothe, 2002; Guitar, 1982, 2019) include a variety of techniques aimed at making changes to the timing and tension of speech production or altering the timing of pauses between syllables and words. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1064082, Caughter, S., & Crofts, V. (2018). Review of previous fluency evaluations and educational records. Cluttering treatment: Theoretical considerations and intervention planning. ), Cluttering: A clinical perspective (pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/S135246580001643X. These include when the individual who stutters. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 61, 105713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2019.105713, Douglass, J. E., Schwab, M., & Alvarado, J. Impact experienced from stuttering, or covert features of stuttering, may include. Scaler Scott, K. (2013). Short-term intensive treatment programs have been used for some individuals to reduce disfluency and address negative attitudes. autism (see Scaler Scott, 2011, for a review), word-finding/language organization difficulties (Myers, 1992), and. Pediatrics, 144(4), Article e20190811. Speaker and observer perceptions of physical tension during stuttering. What we know for now IN BRIEF. Stuttering modification strategies, originated by Van Riper (1973), have four stages: (1) identification, (2) desensitization, (3) modification, and (4) generalization and aim to reduce associated physical tension and struggle by helping individuals. (2004). Individuals are referred to a speech-language pathologist (SLP) for a comprehensive assessment when disfluencies are noted and when one or more of the factors listed below are observed along with the disfluencies. Scheduling concerns, cost, and insurance reimbursement also are likely to be factors affecting dosage. Adults who stutter also may experience job discrimination and occupational stereotyping, including an earnings gap, especially for females (Gerlach et al., 2018). Fear of speaking: Chronic anxiety and stammering. Specifically, mutations to GNPTAB, GNPTG, and NAGPA have been found to disrupt the signal that directs enzymes to their target location in the lysosome of the cell (Drayna & Kang, 2011). Ward, D., Connally, E. L., Pliatsikas, C., Bretherton-Furness, J., & Watkins, K. E. (2015). Pro-Ed. increasing the time provided for an oral reading or presentation, providing an alternative assignment to oral reading, and. Arnold, G. E. (1960). Journal of Communication Disorders, 80, 1117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.10.003. https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.276, Frigerio-Domingues, C. E., Gkalitsiou, Z., Zezinka, A., Sainz, E., Gutierrez, J., Byrd, C., Webster, R., & Drayna, D. (2019). B. Luterman, D. M. (2006). On the other hand, stuttering symptoms may decrease in more comfortable situations. Evaluating stuttering in young children: Diagnostic data. Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) play a central role in the screening, assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of fluency disorders. Causes of stuttering are thought to be multifactorial and include genetic and neurophysiological factors that contribute to its emergence (Smith & Weber, 2017). Seminars in Speech and Language, 35(2), 114131. Coexistence of stuttering and disordered phonology in young children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 50, 7284. (2014). Features of cluttering are sometimes observed in conjunction with other neurological disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder, Tourettes syndrome, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). Developmental stuttering in children who are hard of hearing. the individuals lived experiences with stuttering, the perceived impact of these experiences with stuttering, and. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 22(3), 219236. Gupta, S., Yashodharakumar, G. Y., & Vasudha, H. H. (2016). A range of studies support a genetic predisposition for stuttering, but no definitive findings have been made regarding which transmission model, chromosomes, genes, or sex factors are involved in the expression of stuttering in the population at large (Kraft & Yairi, 2011, p. 34). American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(1), 4149. For example, emotional reactivity/regulation and behavioral disinhibition may affect the childs ability to cope with disfluencies (Choi et al., 2013; Guttormsen et al., 2015; R. M. Jones, Conture, & Walden, 2014; Ntourou et al., 2013). Presence of stutteringAn estimated one third of people who stutter also present with at least some components of cluttering (Daly, 1986; Preus, 1981; Ward, 2006). Direct treatment approaches can also target resilience and effort control in the child and family (Caughter & Crofts, 2018; Druker et al., 2019; Kraft et al., 2019). frequency of exposure to all languages used by the child and their proficiency (comprehension and production) in each language; family history of stuttering or cluttering; description of disfluency and rating of severity; age of onset of disfluency and patterns of disfluency since onset (e.g., continuous or variable); previous fluency treatment and treatment outcomes; exploration of parental reactions to the childs moments of disfluency or speaking frustration; and. is more open and willing to disclose and talk about their stuttering; experiences reduced impact from stuttering; generalizes attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors across contexts; reports feeling more authentic and enjoying social conversations; and. . (2013). These modifications are used regardless of whether a particular word is expected to be produced fluently. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32(1), 5169. continued management (Plexico et al., 2005). Disclosing a fluency disorder has many benefits on both the speaker (Boyle & Gabel, 2020; Boyle et al., 2018; Mancinelli, 2019) and the listener (Byrd, Croft, et al., 2017; Byrd, McGill, et al., 2017; Ferguson et al., 2019; Healey et al., 2007). International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(4), 367372. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(1), 1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00052-2, Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.03.001, Coifman, K. G., & Bonanno, G. A. typical vs atypical disfluencies asha. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt275, Chang, S.-E., Zhu, D. C., Choo, A. L., & Angstadt, M. (2015). Neurobiology of Disease, 69, 2331. Seminars in Speech and Language, 18(4), 371389. Coleman, C. (2013). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter: II. Teasing/bullying experienced by children who stutter: Toward development of a questionnaire. Tourettes syndrome (see Van Borsel, 2011, for a review). Dosage refers to the frequency, intensity, and duration of treatment. The impact of stuttering on adults who stutter and their partners. The neurological underpinnings of cluttering: Some initial findings. (2014). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 53, 2640. Individuals and families may have a wide range of beliefs about the best way to treat fluency disorders, ranging from medical and therapeutic intervention to prayer. The epidemiology of cluttering with stuttering. Scientific Reports, 7(1), 118. Pediatrics, 132(3), 460467. Limited research is available that identifies the causes of cluttering. Crystal Cooper, Diane L. Eger, and Nancy Creaghead served as monitoring vice presidents. Cluttering may have an effect on pragmatic communication skills and awareness of moments of disruption (Teigland, 1996). Stuttering impact: A shared perception for parents and children. Increased incidence of stuttering has been noted among those with a first-degree relative (e.g., parent, sibling) who stutters and an even greater likelihood if that relative is an identical twin (Kraft & Yairi, 2011). Cluttering: A handbook of research, intervention and education. (2011). Allyn & Bacon. Their skills are developing in this area. Plural. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 19. In H. H. Gregory, J. H. Campbell, C. B. Gregory, & D. G. Hill (Eds. In N. B. Ratner & J. Tetnowski (Eds. Myers, F. L. (1992). Languages differ with regard to developmental milestones, and direct comparison of scores across languages can be misleading, even if the assessments appear similar (Thordardottir, 2006). https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2007/008), Oyono, L. T., Pascoe, M., & Singh, S. (2018). To foster generalization, assignments adhere to a hierarchy of linguistic skills and environmental stressors.
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