Data from NIST Standard Reference Database 69: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) The formula for specific heat capacity, C, of a substance with mass m, is C = Q / (m T). Policies. Thermodynam., 1976, 8, 411-423. Benzene: Patient information sheet, "Drinking Water Contaminants | Organic Chemicals | Benzene", "Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations", "Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction", "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept. [all data], Fortier and Benson, 1976 The specific heat capacity is the heat or energy required to change one unit mass of a substance of a constant volume by 1 C. Soc., 1924, 46, 903-917. Zhur. Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. Data compiled as indicated in comments: However, if heated it becomes a gas, and when cooled it becomes a solid. These applications will - due to browser restrictions - send data between your browser and our server. The flow rates of the hot and cold stream in the preheaters are equal. Only emails and answers are saved in our archive. [51], Trace amounts of benzene are found in petroleum and coal. Further loss of hydrogen gives "fused" aromatic hydrocarbons, such as naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and pyrene. [106], The Nazis used benzene administered via injection as one of their many methods for killing. J. Chem. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure. J. Chem. Univ. Sandmeyer Reaction. He gave the compound the name benzin. Study of the heat capacity of selected solvents, Experimental device for measurement of isobaric specific heat of electrolytes at elevated pressures, 2o -889 .1791 162 basic lead carbonate 3pb 2c 8o 2h 0 163 benzene 6h 6c 143 .0317 164 benzotrifuroxane (btf) 6c 6o 6n 571 .0686 165 beryllium (non-reactive) 1u2 .0668 166 beryllium (pure crystaline) 1be .0668 167 beryllium borohydride 2b 1be 8h -666 .0218 168 beryllium hydride 1be 2h -399 0 169 . Tohoku Imp. Under these conditions, aliphatic hydrocarbons form rings and lose hydrogen to become aromatic hydrocarbons. It is a byproduct of the incomplete combustion of many materials. (The specific heat of benzene is 1.740 J/g C). ; Blanchard, E.R. [75][95], Genetic polymorphisms in these enzymes may induce loss of function or gain of function. Obshch. Bunsenges. (TLV) for benzene to 0.02 ppm and reduce the 15 . Step-by-Step Verified Solution Basis: 1 mol Feed Gorbunova, N.I. [all data], Ferguson and Miller, 1933 ; Kohler, F., Mixtures containing N,N-dimethylformamide, Obshch. Kolosovskii, N.A. heat [1] 3. [all data], Reddy, 1986 In some systems, even the benzene-to-xylenes ratio is modified to favor xylenes. Benzeneis present in crude oils and is a product of oil-refining processes. Even if it is not a common substrate for metabolism, benzene can be oxidized by both bacteria and eukaryotes. ; Karbalai Ghassemi, M.H., In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. ; Bashirov, M.M. The limit of the fusion process is the hydrogen-free allotrope of carbon, graphite. Structure and properties . Specific heat of liquids. Reproductive toxicity Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child. The specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy that must be transferred to or from 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1. Temperature b. Thermal data on organic compounds. 14.3 g What is the oxidation number of carbon in C2O4? In general, the evaluated uncertainty limits are on the order of (0.5 to 2.5) kJ/mol. Centric affinities (i.e., bonds) acted within a designated cycle of carbon atoms. ; T = 93 to 300 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. Contact China Manufactory Wuhan Kaimubuke Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd for the product BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. and Informatics, Vibrational and/or electronic energy levels, Electron-Impact Ionization Cross Sections (on physics web site), Computational Chemistry Comparison and Benchmark Database, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database, version 4.1, NIST Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Structure Index, NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, "lite" edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data), NIST / TRC Web Thermo Tables, professional edition (thermophysical and thermochemical data). [all data], Naziev, Bashirov, et al., 1986 [all data], Willams and Daniels, 1924 ; Nagano, Y., [all data], Richards and Wallace, 1932 Trans. In 1865, the German chemist Friedrich August Kekul published a paper in French (for he was then teaching in Francophone Belgium) suggesting that the structure contained a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. It is highly recommended to seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions. [69], In many European languages, the word for petroleum or gasoline is an exact cognate of "benzene". Temperature and Pressure - Online calculator, figures and table showing density and specific weight of benzene, C 6 H 6, at temperatures ranging from 5 to 325 C (42 to 620 F) at atmospheric and higher pressure - Imperial and SI Units. The phase diagram for benzene shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. Sulfonation of benzene involves the use of oleum, a mixture of sulfuric acid with sulfur trioxide. ; El-Sharkawy, A.A.; Gasser, F.A., Akad. Specific heat of water= 4.18 . Willams, J.W. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. The specific heats and latent heats of fusion of ice and of several organic compounds, From p. 102: " benzene, according to this view, may be represented by a double ring, in fact." cHliquid : Standard liquid enthalpy of combustion (kJ/mol). Using electrophilic aromatic substitution, many functional groups are introduced onto the benzene framework. [43], In 1929, the cyclic nature of benzene was finally confirmed by the crystallographer Kathleen Lonsdale using X-ray diffraction methods. Sieg, L.; Crtzen, J.L. Chat now for more business. [52] Benzene molecules have been detected on Mars.[53][54][55]. of Health and Human Services: TR-289: Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, NLM Hazardous Substances Databank Benzene, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzene&oldid=1139445886, potential occupational carcinogen, flammable. Benzene causes central nervous system damage acutely and bone marrow damage chronically and is carcinogenic. Cyclohexane consumes around 10% of the world's benzene production; it is primarily used in the manufacture of nylon fibers, which are processed into textiles and engineering plastics. The . Heats of combustion of benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-propylbenzene, and styrene, Soc. J. Chem. The following information is given for benzene, C 6 H 6 . Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Benzene is a natural constituent of petroleum and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. J. Chem. Toluene disproportionation (TDP) is the conversion of toluene to benzene and xylene. [all data], Hyder Khan and Subrahmanyam, 1971 specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. [all data], Tanaka, 1982 [citation needed], Several tests can determine exposure to benzene. In 2005, the water supply to the city of Harbin in China with a population of almost nine million people, was cut off because of a major benzene exposure. The molecular conformation is stabilized by NHO and NHN intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions. [90] The NIOSH short-term exposure limit (STEL 15 min) is 1 ppm. Nauk, 1962, SSSR 142, 1335-1338. and final temperature T f = C = K = F, Q = calories = kcal = x 10^ calories. FOIA. [40] Some historians have suggested that the parody was a lampoon of the snake anecdote, possibly already well known through oral transmission even if it had not yet appeared in print. Richards, W.T. As its toxicity became obvious, benzene was supplanted by other solvents, especially toluene (methylbenzene), which has similar physical properties but is not as carcinogenic. Equation 1. Specific heat of liquids. for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents. ; T = 82 to 224 K. Value is unsmoothed experimental datum. C) Question: It takes 11.2 KJ of energy to raise the temperature of 145 g of benzene from 25.0C to 70.0C. Excess molar isobaric heat capacities and isentropic compressibilities of (cis- or trans-decalin + benzene or toluene or iso-octane or n-heptane) at 298.15 K, Thermal and volumetric properties of chloroform + benzene mixtures and the ideal associated solution model of complex formation, Chem., 1971, 24, 1817-1822. Benzene targets the liver, kidney, lung, heart and brain and can cause DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage. Benzene (CAS 71-43-2) 1 Carcinogenic to humans. Thermodynamics of the system benzene - p-dioxane, The proportionality constant c is sometimes referred to as the specific heat capacity or (incorrectly) the heat capacity. What is the formula for specific heat? Q = joules = x 10^ joules. Isentropic compressibilities of binary liquid mixtures at 303.15 and 313.15 K, [all data], Atalla, El-Sharkawy, et al., 1981 Bull. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition). The specific heat capacity of liquid water is 4.18 J/g-K. How many joules of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 5.00 g of water from 25.1C to 65.3C? Soc., 1932, 54, 2705-2713. Benzene is an excellent ligand in the organometallic chemistry of low-valent metals. Enthalpies of combustion of toluene, benzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, methylcyclopentane, 1-methylcyclopentene, and n-hexane, Flow microcalorimeter for heat capacities of solutions, This discovery led to the production of Sanka. [79][80], According to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) (2007), benzene is both a synthetically-made and naturally occurring chemical from processes that include: volcanic eruptions, wild fires, synthesis of chemicals such as phenol, production of synthetic fibers, and fabrication of rubbers, lubricants, pesticides, medications, and dyes. . Combustible Gas Leak LEL Natural Gas Detector Methane Benzene Propane Alarm. (1867) "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" (Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry). See, The word "benzoin" is derived from the Arabic expression ", Laurent, Auguste (1836) "Sur la chlorophnise et les acides chlorophnisique et chlorophnsique,". Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons. aggravated assault charge. Pure benzene, for example, oxidizes in the body to produce an epoxide, benzene oxide, which is not excreted readily and can interact with DNA to produce harmful mutations. The two were allowed to come to thermal equilibrium and the final temperature was 24.1C. Heat capacity of benzene and of toluene from 8C. Prosen, E.J. BENZENE BNZ CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION Common Synonyms Watery liquid Colorless Gasoline-like odor Floats on water. Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table', "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars", "A Crystallographic Study of Solid Benzene by Neutron Diffraction", Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A, "Electronic structure of the benzene molecule", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)", "Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds", "A pervasive molecule is captured in a photograph", "Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014", "Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015", "Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources", "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? Anal. Cp,gas : Ideal gas heat capacity (J/molK). Chemical Properties of Ethylbenzene (CAS 100-41-4) InChI InChI=1S/C8H10/c1-2-8-6-4-3-5-7-8/h3-7H,2H2,1H3 InChI Key YNQLUTRBYVCPMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formula C8H10 SMILES CCc1ccccc1 Molecular Weight 1 106.17 CAS 100-41-4 Other Names .alpha.-methyltoluene Aethylbenzol Benzene, ethyl- EB Ethylbenzeen Ethylbenzol Etilbenzene Etylobenzen NCI-C56393 NSC 406903 Thermodynam., 1982, 14, 259-268. Diffuse through otherliquids 6. ; Simonov, V.M. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Have definite volume (are very slightly compressible) 3. The United States Environmental Protection Agency introduced new regulations in 2011 that lowered the benzene content in gasoline to 0.62%. Dejardin, G., Some of our calculators and applications let you save application data to your local computer. Acad. Outdoor air may contain low levels of benzene from automobile service stations, wood smoke, tobacco smoke, the transfer of gasoline, exhaust from motor vehicles, and industrial emissions. Rabinovich, I.B. This reaction is achieved by the use of high pressures of hydrogen in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts, such as finely divided nickel. As benzene is ubiquitous in gasoline and hydrocarbon fuels that are in use everywhere, human exposure to benzene is a global health problem. [17] Kekul's 1890 speech[41] in which this anecdote appeared has been translated into English. Thus, a double bond would exist with one neighbor during the first interval and with the other neighbor during the next interval. DH - Eugene S. Domalski and Elizabeth D. Hearing, Go To: Top, Condensed phase thermochemistry data, Notes, Roux, Temprado, et al., 2008 [98] Benzene metabolism involves enzymes coded for by polymorphic genes. Benzene production is currently expanding in the Middle East and in Africa, whereas production capacities in Western Europe and North America are stagnating. With the global phaseout of leaded gasoline, benzene has made a comeback as a gasoline additive in some nations. [68] European petrol specifications now contain the same 1% limit on benzene content. Shiohama, Y.; Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S.; Fujihara, I., [101] After smoking 32 cigarettes per day, the smoker would take in about 1.8 milligrams (mg) of benzene. We don't collect information from our users. Chem., 1948, 79, 162-177. Zhur., 1986, 51(5), 789-795. Grolier, J.-P.E. Am. Ref. Derivatives of benzene occur sufficiently often as a component of organic molecules, so much so that the Unicode Consortium has allocated a symbol in the Miscellaneous Technical block with the code U+232C () to represent it with three double bonds,[62] and U+23E3 () for a delocalized version.[63]. "VIII. ; Inglese, A.; Wilhelm, E., When plastic water pipes are subject to high heat, the water may be contaminated with benzene. Specific heat capacity of liquids including ethanol, refrigerant 134, water. The catechol is then metabolized to acetyl CoA and succinyl CoA, used by organisms mainly in the citric acid cycle for energy production. In the United States, concern over its negative health effects and the possibility of benzene entering the groundwater has led to stringent regulation of gasoline's benzene content, with limits typically around 1%. After exposure to 63 to 405mg/m3 of benzene for 1 to 5 hours, 51 to 87% was excreted in the urine as phenol over a period of 23 to 50 hours. Specific Heat capacity is given as. All rights reserved. The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. In 1870, the German chemist . [86] These legal limits were based on studies demonstrating compelling evidence of health risk to workers exposed to benzene. [all data], Shiohama, Ogawa, et al., 1988 J. Etude thermochimique dans la serie furanique, Eng. Report I. [57] The molecular orbital description involves the formation of three delocalized orbitals spanning all six carbon atoms, while the valence bond description involves a superposition of resonance structures. Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. Therefore, between the carbon atoms of benzene there were no fixed (i.e., constant) and distinct single or double bonds; instead, the bonds between the carbon atoms were identical. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake biting its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or endless knot). [all data], Kalali, Kohler, et al., 1987 Please read AddThis Privacy for more information. [all data], Wilhelm, Faradjzadeh, et al., 1982 . PubChem Substance ID. *** Very flammable. Hyder Khan, V.; Subrahmanyam, S.V., with specific heat c = cal/gmC = joule/gmC, initial temperature T i = C = K = F. Here Kekul spoke of the creation of the theory. [9], 1919, 11, 253-291. Engineering ToolBox - Resources, Tools and Basic Information for Engineering and Design of Technical Applications! Phys. [all data], Dejardin, 1919 J. Chem. [all data], Vesely, Zabransky, et al., 1979 Soc., 1925, 47, 1-9. [all data], Gorbunova, Grigoriev, et al., 1982 J. ; Udowenko, W.W., been selected on the basis of sound scientific judgment. Glutathione seems to play an important role by protecting against benzene-induced DNA breaks and it is being identified as a new biomarker for exposure and effect. Ogawa, H.; Murakami, S., Naziev, Ya.M. Ethylbenzene | C6H5C2H5 or C8H10 | CID 7500 - structure, chemical names, physical and chemical properties, classification, patents, literature, biological activities . 2021 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce You will need these items: T-shirt Ironing board Iron Wax paper Towel or rag Step 1: London, 1933, 45, 194-207. Six-membered aromatic rings with one carbon replaced by another element: This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 05:01. Data, 1987, 32, 176-177. ; T = 293 to 323 K. Data calculated from equation. Kekul's 1872 modification of his 1865 theory, illustrating rapid alternation of double bonds[note 1], In 1845, Charles Blachford Mansfield, working under August Wilhelm von Hofmann, isolated benzene from coal tar. J. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. 1 lists the specific heats for various materials. J. Chem. Phenol and halobenzenes can be reduced with metals. Measurement of air and water levels of benzene is accomplished through collection via activated charcoal tubes, which are then analyzed with a gas chromatograph. [all data], Grolier, Inglese, et al., 1982 It also shows the saturation pressure with changes in temperature. Devon is applying 100N of . Faraday Soc., 1956, 52, 753-763. Recovery of the aromatics, commonly referred to as BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene isomers), involves such extraction and distillation steps. [all data], Aoyama and Kanda, 1935 Chem., 1965, 96, 669-678. [all data], Ogawa and Murakami, 1985 Data compilation copyright The aromatic compounds. Benzene vapor is heavier than air. It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will cause environmental damage, and presents a fire risk. Critically Evaluated Thermochemical Properties of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, [85] This regulation is based on preventing benzene leukemogenesis. Izv. J. Chem. 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20894 USA. Huffman, H.M.; Parks, G.S. Molar heat capacities and isothermal compressibility of binary liquid mixtures: carbon tetrachloride + benzene, carbon tetrachloride + cyclohexane and benzene + cyclohexane, Bunsenges. ; Daniels, F., J. ; Daniels, A.C., AddThis use cookies for handling links to social media. We don't save this data. [97] Benzene causes chromosomal aberrations in the peripheral blood leukocytes and bone marrow explaining the higher incidence of leukemia and multiple myeloma caused by chronic exposure. Thermophys., 1981, 2(2), 155-162. However, in the 1950s, increased demand for benzene, especially from the growing polymers industry, necessitated the production of benzene from petroleum. Soc. ; T = 280 to 353 K. Data also given by equation. 9.11 Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas): 1.061 9.12 Latent Heat of Vaporization: 169 Btu/lb = 94.1 cal/g = 3.94 X 105 J/kg Pol. Chem., 1951, 198, 263-269. Benzene Gas - Specific Heat vs. [64], Four chemical processes contribute to industrial benzene production: catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking etc. Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves. NQ01 and GSH shift metabolism away from toxicity. Vesely, F.; Zabransky, M.; Svoboda, V.; Pick, J., Several enzymes are involved. Eliminate heat and ignition sources such as sparks, open flames, hot surfaces and static Advertisement Advertisement New questions in Physics. Das Benzol." The title compound, C18H16N2O2, is a precusor for the synthesis of polyimides. 11,960) for the fractional distillation of coal tar. Williams, J.W. As the specific heat of water is the most, it means most heat is required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1C and it is because the water molecules are strongly held together by hydrogen bonds.