The swing era was the one time that jazz was a truly popular style. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . BERNSTEIN also incorporated Cool The first jazz concert, called A Swing Music Concert took place in 1936 in New York City. - This lineup was typical of swing era bands. Sometimes bandstands were too small, public address systems inadequate, pianos out of tune. The better jazz musicians of swing bands would form swing combos within most large bands. Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. I am Joaqun/Yo Soy Joaqun was first published in 1967. The string bass replaced the tuba and the guitar replaced the banjo. initiated by a 4-measure lead-in improvised over a "C" chord on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. His "C" 6 Steps to Big Band Writing with Steven Feifke. So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
[14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. Sweet Swing (people like Glenn Miller) had less improvisation, was a bit slower, restrained with a slight swing feel, and was for the white upper class dinner parties. Coleman Hawkins (19041969) was the first great saxophonist of jazz. black jazz musicians developed an intense These consist of the independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section with the use of soloists. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. completely abandoned the song's melody, which has made this style less Art-music composer/conductor Leonard clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. In swing, the saxophone was usually featured as the leading instrumental soloist. It was all about showmanship which is epitomised by people like Cab Calloway and Fats Waller. Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, In a big band jazz group, at least three trumpets, two trombones, four or more saxophones, and a rhythm section of piano, guitar, bass, and drums are combined with a vocal element. creating a style known as "Dixieland" Jazz or Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. of the most creative composers in the history of jazz, particularly renowned early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Important New York figures of this time include Chick Webb, Jimmie Lunceford, and Duke Ellington. African American theaters and night clubs, the Apollo, the Savoy, and the Lafayette, became legendary for presenting jazz combos and orchestras. Only hotel-type bands such as that of Guy Lombardo and select jazz players such as Benny Goodman found consistent employment. [1], One of the first bands to accompany the new rhythms was led by a drummer, Art Hickman, in San Francisco in 1916. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. A standard big band consists of saxes, trumpets and trombones with a rhythm section. Jazz played an important role in changing the socio-political landscape - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy (1937). So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. woodwinds (saxophones, clarinets), brass (trumpets, trombones) and a back-up Click trombone. Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. Examples include the Vienna Art Orchestra, founded in 1977, and the Italian Instabile Orchestra, active in the 1990s. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. (click Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. It began as an intensified rhythmic outgrowth of the black Rhythm & To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. The popularity of many of the major bands was amplified by star vocalists, such as Frank Sinatra with Tommy Dorsey, Helen O'Connell and Bob Eberly with Jimmy Dorsey, Ella Fitzgerald with Chick Webb, Billie Holiday and Jimmy Rushing with Count Basie, Dick Haymes and Helen Forrest with Harry James, Doris Day with Les Brown,[40] and Peggy Lee with Benny Goodman. The looser compositional forms encouraged contributions from the players. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. Some bands were "society bands" which relied on strong ensembles but little on soloists or vocalists, such as the bands of Guy Lombardo and Paul Whiteman. Coast" Cool Jazz emerged, using In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Swing is an outgrowth of the 1920s big band traditions in Chicago, Kansas City, and New York City. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. www.bigfishaudio.com. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. The swing era followed boogie-woogie. She recorded with various jazz orchestras, including her own (Long Gone Blues, 1939) and those led by Benny Goodman (Your Mothers Son-in-Law, 1933) and Teddy Wilson (Sugar, 1939). Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. shows the development of the main jazz styles in relation to other aspects of The lyrics kept within these traditions. In the late 1940s, progressive The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. Boogie-woogie is characterized by its well-known The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. While all my lessons are free, if you find them useful please consider donating to help keep them coming. clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. ARMSTRONG took "Hot" Jazz to Chicago, where its popularity grew %PDF-1.5 % When the tradition came back full-circle into vocal jazz with a 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington note-for-note. %%EOF - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? A big band or jazz orchestra is a type of musical ensemble of jazz music that usually consists of ten or more musicians with four sections: saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. In general, swing refers to the music of large dance bands that played written arrangements. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Playing multiple riffs playing at once as a kind of call and response. hb```. @1&$3.YTyfx.=**hE+f|5SSz/=n/ . Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. Other bandleaders used Brazilian and Afro-Cuban music with big band instrumentation, and big bands led by arranger Gil Evans, saxophonist John Coltrane (on the album Ascension from 1965) and bass guitarist Jaco Pastorius introduced cool jazz, free jazz and jazz fusion, respectively, to the big band domain. progression and the same number of measures/beats, but it may be applied to Swing is a term often used in reference to large dance bands of 15 or more musicians that played written arrangements using improvised sections alternating with arranged passages by brass and/or reeds. The Timeline of African American Music by Portia K. Maultsby, Ph.D. presents the remarkable diversity of African American music, revealing the unique characteristics of each genre and style, from the earliest folk traditions to present-day popular music. [48][49][50] Big band remotes on the major radio networks spread the music from ballrooms and clubs across the country during the 1930s and 1940s, with remote broadcasts from jazz clubs continuing into the 1950s on NBC's Monitor. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). Explain your opinion in a book review. This was in part due to a political organization called the Pendergast Machine which encouraged a nightclub atmosphere. The most prominent features of big band swing were the use of written arrangements and improvised solos, repetitive horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie type bass lines. improvised solo structure on the choruses: (1) piano--Ellington), (2) jazz The score indicated a fixed number of measures for solo improvisation and also musical notations with the desired sounds and effects. However, jazz continued its artistic evolution as swing became established around 1929. Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. Latin-based rock idiom). Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. Many bands toured the country in grueling one-night stands. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. leaders in America. Figure 2: Trumpeter Wynton Marsalis Asthe name of that sound suggests, Count Basie played in Kansas City. Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. Since the 1920s, Jazz [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. Others challenged him, and battle of the bands became a regular feature of theater performances. Swing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation of four sections that remained fairly stable. [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. Thats intentional; the individual style of each swing band is what makes the music unique, much as the seasoning used in a particular Gumbo can make it one of a kind. instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). (Click on the titles of the pieces uses "call and response" of American jazz. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) The Music . [36]:p.31, Before 1910, social dance in America was dominated by steps such as the waltz and polka. Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. ELLINGTON and William "Count" emerged as piano was added to the rhythm section, and a stronger driving rhythm photo by Patricia Schneider. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. violin--Ray Nance), (3) trumpet--Rex Stewart, (4) tenor saxBen Webster, "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from alto saxophone. Big bands originated during the early 1910s and dominated jazz in the early 1940s when swing was most popular. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. These musical ensembles associated with the swing era. Swing bands featured a large ensemble of There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. From projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. Count Basie's saxophone section included. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely All Jazz styles have two common features: - Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. KC Jazz is characterised by: And because KC Jazzsongs were riff based, they were often played from memory by the band (rather than from sheet music). (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" Duke Ellington at one time used six trumpets. the jukebox The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of Lionel Hampton and Gene Krupa The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Other renowned vocalists are blues singers Jimmy Rushing with You Can Depend on Me and Joe Williamss Roll Em Pete, featured with the Count Basie Orchestra, whose repertoire included ballads, jazz and pop standards. Rockefeller Arts Center. baritone saxophone. more traditional instruments such as horn, cello, flute and oboe. [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. They refuse to look for new ideas and new outlets, so they fall by the waysideIm going to try to find out the new ideas before the others do., I stole everything I ever heard, but mostly I stole from the horns.. introduction, the main theme, and four varied improvised choruses. "C" Jam Blues (1942). (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. The band features selections mostly from the swing era, with a dose of 50's Sinatra and 60's hipsters. Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. Williams is considered one of the great jazz pianists and one of the greatest performers from Kansas City. Some of the Piano techniques employed during the Swing Era were: A good example of this is the Count Basie song Kansas City Keys. performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from Cubans Mario Bauz and Machito (Francisco Ral Gutirrez Grillo), founder of the Afro-Cubans; Puerto Rican Ernesto Antonio Tito Puente with Oye como va; and Afro-Cuban drummer Chano Pozo (Luciano Pozo Gonzlez), famous for playing with and influencing Dizzy Gillespies Manteca, were among the most prominent band leaders and musicians. projected in the way the drums and bass express the beat, how the piano 20th-century popular music and culture. Performers played, sang, danced, and presented shows and stand-up comedy in these large entertainment venues. That makes them the shrimp or Andouille sausage in the Gumbo that is swing music. Their styles are uniquely different, yet both helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singer. (As told to Albert Murray). and the Lincoln Center Jazz Southwest bands offered a different solution to big band improvisational structures. This They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white trumpet. "8-to-the-bar" rhythmic structure: (LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short-LONG-short), 1 2 The 1930's brought a new style of jazz "big band swing". Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. All the big bands would go up there. A big band is a type of musical ensemble associated with playing jazz music and which became popular during the Swing Era from the early 1930s until the late 1940s. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . Which of the following changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of In Harlem, the creative and literary arts, Black musicals, and big band entertainment flourished within the movement known as the Harlem Renaissance, in which music played as great or possibly a greater role than literature. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. Her vocal command expanded to an unusual range of four octaves, and she is best known for her melodic approach to scatting.
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