Forensic Sci Med Pathol. The scattering of the clothes and removal of the genitals/genital regions of both men and women can raise the suspicion of sexual assault. For the most part, crucifixion involved soft tissue injuries that can't be seen on bone. In no particular order, find the Some thyroid hormones are actually produced in the pituitary gland. Then, lift the injured area up to the level of the person's heart. Spanish. Most common injury to due to shearing force; found in distal radius; victim falls forward and weight of body delivers side force, Similar to bending force but involves immobilization one segment of bone; force applied from the side; Colles fracture; cutting bone with saw for dismemberment is also shearing, Sudden stress force delivered powerfully at high speed, Stress applied slowly and builds pressure to point where bone breaks (strangulation), Force delivered in a single point or a thin line; any pointed or sharp-edged instrument (e.g. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? However, the real circumstances were quite different as the attacking dog (in fact, never confirmed as a pit bull) actually attacked the victims pet (an Irish Setter), and the owner suffered a sudden cardiac death while trying to separate them. Oxley JA, Farr KJ, De Luna CJ. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? In: Payne-James J, Byard R, Corey T, Henderson C, editors. 2001;46(5):12321234. Approved amendment for the regulation of the Hunting Law, adopted by Rule No 5, 1998. Kalinkat G. Bringing animal personality research into the food web arena. Wounds are licked in many cases and may take on a very bright and polished aspect.12,13 This pattern is accompanied by skin abrasions and superficial linear abrasions arranged parallel corresponding to claw marks, and usually present in the contour of the bite.13,16,17 There is a paucity of literature on the individualization of dog bite marks, discriminating bite marks from claw marks and their procedures.8 Bite wounds sometimes indicate characteristic tooth marks, whereas claw scratches can indicate paw size. For more severe cuts or puncture wounds, immediate medical attention is necessary. During the bite, you may not feel any pain at all. Dog bite mark analysis should be consistent with a multidisciplinary plan of action involving different forensic experts as pathologists, odontologists, veterinarians, biologists, crime investigators, and others. Finally, the trunk is disarticulated and consumed.19,21 Coyotes, wolves, and domestic dogs are known to disarticulate body parts and scatter them over a wide area.21,25. However, the absence of witnesses can cause more complex situations if the event has resulted in criminal or civil litigation. Most of the dogs involved in these events are known to the victim or belong to him.28 A bite mark is defined as a physical alteration in a medium caused by the contact of teeth.9 When a bite mark is caused by an animal, the following three patterns can be observed: nonfatal bite wounds, fatal bite wounds, and postmortem lacerations of the victims body.2 This poses the major points and challenges of forensic interest; the nature and location of injuries and the final cause of death are not the only topics of attention.2,6,9 A careful assessment of wounds can reveal characteristic features of animal activity with typical patterns that may enable identification of the particular species of animal involved.10 Since dog attacks on humans represent a real health problem with obvious challenges for forensic investigation, a review focused on bite mark analysis from a multidisciplinary point of view is presented, and the current strategies for prevention and mitigation are discussed. 2008;10(6):301305. The role of histopathology in forensic practice: an overview. Death by greyhound. ice pick, knives, axes, meat cleavers), Force delivered over a wide area; caused by anything other than a cutting or chopping instrument, 1) Blunt; 2) Sharp; 3) Projectile; and 4) Miscellaneous, Injury caused by that has a wide area of impact on bone, Compression, Bending; Shearing (occasionally), Discontinuity and fracture lines; simple and comminuted fractures; caused by any hard surfact, Usually caused by cutting and chopping instruments; Dismemberment and animal scavenging; When force applied perpendicular and down - puncture wounds; usually infractions, Complete discontinuities with displacement and fracture lines; bullets, arrows, and spears, Dynamic speed of force for projectile trauma, Anything that is not blunt, sharp, or projectile; strangulations, burns, chemicals, explosions, heat, 1) Antemortem; 2) Perimortem; 3) Postmortem, Trauma already starting to heal; porosity; rounding of edges; presence of callus, Will not exhibit signs of healing; can have green bone response, 1) Sharp edges; 2) Hinging; 3) Formation of fracture lines; 4 ) Broken ends with angled jagged surface 5) staining from hematoma, Between time of death and discovery of body. Image courtesy of David Dib, MD, Institute of Forensic Medicine, and of the Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, Cordoba, Argentina. Dettmeyer RB. The abovementioned typical hole-and-a-tear is a puncture wound (the round hole) produced by the canine tooth of either the maxilla or mandible on one side, which serves as an anchorage point, followed by shaking of the head creating tears enhanced by the cadavers body weight. Although a Pit Bull Terrier was found at the time of death in the victims house, and there was physical evidence of its involvement in the death, the mother spent almost 4 years awaiting trial for an inexistent murder, suffered over the death of her daughter, and lost custody of the other children. Fri 21 what caused the puncture marks on the victims bones. A puncture wound is usually narrower and deeper than a cut or scrape. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. J Forensic Sci. Open access peer-reviewed scientific and medical journals. Tokdemir MB, etin G, Sam B, zer E, Yildirim A, Butun C. The challenges in autopsy cases exposed to animal attack. 2011;32(1):5054. Wilderness Environ Med. An insect bite or sting often causes a small, red lump on the skin, which may be painful and itchy. The report was inserted between other related news such as An elderly woman is wounded after attack of her dogs; One girl was killed when being attacked by a dog; and A subject dies after being attacked by dogs.37 Similar situations can be seen in cases of postmortem depredation. UK VAT Group: GB 365 4626 36. Sometimes, a bullet can cause a puncture wound . The samples were fixed and stored. However, there are some cases when the veterinarian will need to perform surgery to remove necrotic (dead) or infected tissue and other debris. What techniques were used to identify the remains? 5. Domestic dogs are recognized but unappreciated scavengers;38 when an individual dies from natural (or not animal dependent) causes, he or she becomes part of the ecological cycle and the animal may simply view the body as a source of nutrition leading to postmortem depredation with obvious but grotesque changes and mutilations.20 This apparently simple assertion may not be sufficiently interpreted by the authorities, and the dog is unjustifiably destroyed (Figure 2). If the wound is bleeding heavily and you cannot stop it, immediately seek emergency medical care. Behind them, there is a diastema followed by a small first premolar. 2012;23(2):146152. Fatalities from venomous and nonvenomous animals in the United States (19992007). A case study and review of the literature. They are long, slightly serrated and sharp, and they are used to stab and tear and produce puncture wounds. The academics also emphasize that because of their status as feral, it is very unlikely that adoption campaigns allow the effective integration of these animals to the homes, and they adhered to the rule. The huge force the bite muscle complex can exhibit allows the dog to wrench and tear and cause considerable damage.2,4,6,8,9,12,13, Although there are reports in which many breeds of dogs have been involved in fatal or nearly fatal attacks on humans, the majority of cases involve pit bull-type dogs, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds, most of whom were unrestrained on their owners holdings.1,2,6,1315 The expression pit bull-type defines a group of breeds with special features and behavioral characteristics: a tendency to not to make intimidating gestures (growling and baring of teeth) prior to attacking, greater jaw pressures, a capacity to continue grinding their posterior teeth into tissues while holding on with the canines, and an aggressive personality in a relative larger size. Both views are of the same individual. The taxonomic order Carnivora (not referring to feeding habits but to characteristic skull shape, jaws, and teeth among others distinguishing features) consists of ~270 extant species that include many of the worlds top terrestrial predators, iconic wild animals, and mans favorite pets, including dogs and cats. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The intended goal of striking this area with a knife is to sever the spinal cord/brain stem. J Forensic Leg Med. J Forensic Sci. A cut, or laceration, is a tear or opening in the skin that occurs due to an external injury. Puncture wounds: First aid. Santoro V, Smaldone G, Lozito P, Smaldone M, Introna F. A forensic approach to fatal dog attacks. 1. Vet Pathol. Next, clean the cut thoroughly with an alcohol wipe, antiseptic wash, or clean water. This should be long enough to stop the bleeding . Fractures are usually caused by traumas like falls, car accidents or sports injuries. Without a nail in place, it becomes more difficult to tell crucifixion from animal scavengers puncture marks. 2010;6(3):151157. Blisters. In contrast, a cut is an open wound that produces a long tear in the skin. Domesticated animals, particularly dogs, have provided companionship, labor, recreation, and entertainment for humans.1 However, as the result of the most diverse causes, this interaction has not been free of conflicts. Injury. This may seem to cause immediate death, as it will leave the person completely incapacitated. Based on its types, some wounds caused by a dog bite are: Lumbar puncture is a procedure that is often performed in the emergency department to obtain information about the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Donita uses (blank) to collect evidence from the suspect's skin for gunshot residue. What is a bone fracture? Bones - Episode 4, Season 3 "The Secret in the Soil", In no particular order, find the answers to these questions in the. Apply cold packs and elevate the area to reduce pain and inflammation. Accessed July 7, 2015. Consequently, the surrounding bloodstains would be distinct from the spatter emanating from a living person.28 A common situation of dog scavenging in indoor interferences is presented in Diogenes syndrome. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011:5356. . Available from: http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/pais/policial/ataques-de-perros/fiscalia-investiga-muerte-de-hombre-tras-ataque-de-perro-pitbull-en-pitrufquen/2011-04-20/163101.html. All the evidence must be stored, and all actions must be documented. Both views are of the same individual. Radio Cooperativa; 2011 [published on the Internet]. Forrester JA, Holstege CP, Forrester JD. Available from: http://acuerdos.cl/debates/ley-de-caza-de-perros-asilvestrados-problema-ecologico-o-matanza-injustificada/. Instead, seek emergency medical attention immediately. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms. Without a nail in place, it becomes more difficult to tell crucifixion from animal scavengers' puncture marks. 1991;8(1):3335. A bone fracture is the medical definition for a broken bone. 7. Souviron RR. There are two types of super glue: the type you keep. Small dogs and larger dogs can be discriminated according to the intercanine distance.8 In cases of only bone remains with deep bites, the most accurate point to measure is the mesial bone height.32 The inclusion of a metric reference in the photographs will allow metric evaluations and calibrations by using an appropriate software.3,8 Bernitz et al suggest to avoid the problem posed by the length of the canines in the match of the dogs teeth with the cast of the bite mark, by lengthening and shortening their indentations in both duplicate models of the bite to correspond them when analysis is performed. Copyright 2017 Informa PLC. The skin may be tender, feel flushed, or have fang marks in the affected area. B3E3B2AA-07C4-45A7-840F-2FD4CD83BFE9.jpeg, Topic 3B (Animal Instincts) homework.docx, 3 explain the role of CO2 and water in photosynthesis and explain how oxygen is, Conclusion The role of the finance function is expanding and it is playing a, The finance application requires that data be retained for seven years In the, Exercise 1014 The conclusions of Exercise 945 can be extended to the case when A, SCH4U SHC of a Metal & Hess' Law (Dec 2020 using simulator).pdf, Correct third party cookie first party cookie second party cookie resource, Question 15 of 20 00 50 Points Test taking strategies are helpful for all of the, Nowadays Tan Chau artisans can produce silk of multiple colours they can meet, Which of the following conditions is true when a producer minimizes the cost of, Viroids are RNA molecules that infect and dodo not contain a capsid Plants do, 145 Downloaded by Kristen Pranks hk587432gmailcom lOMoARcPSD15607213 Studocu is. The authors concluded that the dogs attack probably occurred during the postcritical phase of an epileptic seizure when the victim was unconscious. e.g. A perfect code is perfect because no bit errors will occur during transmission. Bites to the forearms are also common as the limbs are raised in an attempt to protect the face. Treatment of Puncture Wounds in Horses. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Int J Legal Med. Fiscala investiga muerte de hombre tras ataque de perro pitbull en Pitrufqun [The prosecution investigating death of man after attack of a pit bull dog in Pitrufquen]. The evidence was not preserved, the appropriate experts were not asked for a timely evaluation, and finally, the prosecutors office and experts were sued for malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, and gross negligence.1, The domestic dog accounts for the majority of deaths caused by animal attacks, but a variety of animals can leave similar patterns of damage. 24 Puncture marks are usually found in thin bones such as the scapula and are caused by the canines and/or carnassial teeth penetrating through the full thickness of the bone. Javascript is currently disabled in your browser. Curiously, it is common for dogs to have an attitude of timidity and apprehension when researchers approach and examine them.5,7,13,17, Fonseca and Palacios mentioned that while the cause of death may be readily apparent in cases of a fatal dog attack, an understanding of how and why the attack occurred requires a complete investigation and postmortem scavenging should be excluded.17 This particular pattern of behavior can occur whenever the body is accessible to animals.12 There is a preference for visible parts of the body, and self-defense injuries are absent if the victim died from other causes.13,17 The following three main consequences may be linked to scavenging: the lesions can mimic or cover antemortem injuries, make impossible the identification of the victim, and modify substantially the scene.12. Stols G, Bernitz H. Reconstruction of deformed bite marks using affine transformations. The size, shape, and distribution of the puncture marks can give an . 2000;217(6):836840. These observations can provide some insight into the warning signs of dog attacks.5, Strategies for prevention and risk mitigation, Severe dog attacks are a probable product of many factors not only animal related but also victim related.2,5,14 A public health program that aimed at reducing these incidents could be directed to both of them, but the major strategy has been the promotion of a breed-specific legislation (BSL).1,13,44,45 BSL typically prohibits the breeding and ownership of certain breeds or types of dogs categorized as dangerous or aggressive, which is based on attack records or aggressive potential.46 However, any dog can be prepared for attack and a precise determination of breed may not be posible.8,13 Obtaining a honest attack record is difficult due to scarce data on the reference population, incomplete breed registration, incorrect breed identification, the number of nonpurebred dogs, and the narrow scope of relevant studies.6,14,46 Moreover, while BSL is rarely based on such records,46 periodically there are reports of other breeds responsible for maulings and deaths.4 Saint Bernard, Great Dane, Golden Retriever, Collie, Labrador Retriever, Dachshund, and Yorkshire Terrier are not aggressive breeds, but they have mauled persons to death on occasion.14 Great Danes caused the most reported human dog bite-related fatalities between 1997 and 1998 in the United States, and since 1975, dogs belonging to >30 breeds have been responsible for fatal attacks on people.14 Cornelissen and Hopster affirmed that all dogs can bite and therefore one should always be careful when interacting with a dog, even a family dog and during play. Even though there are problems involved in the preservation of evidence of crucifixion, the case of Yehohanan ben Hagkol showsthat skeletal evidence might some day give us more information about the practice. If you notice debris embedded into the puncture wound, dont try to remove it. Agnarsson I, Kuntner M, May-Collado LJ. They create and support wound healing. it may have penetrated the bone and requires medical care. Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. A small number (1.8%) of these puncture wounds become infected and progress to osteomyelitis. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. Image courtesy of forensic veterinary Noemi Friedrich, BVSc, and of the Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, Cordoba, Argentina. Puncture wounds tend to have more depth than width, which distinguishes them from cuts, where the reverse is true. One of the most common causes of death and injury. 7. The force of impact is concentrated at the tip of the implement, and the sharper the tip, the easier . Souviron refers to a case involving a deceased 5-year-old girl found in a backyard adjoining a lake. Once the skin is clean, apply an over-the-counter antibiotic cream to prevent infection. Art. Synopsis. Why was the presence of a rare insect significant in the case? In making your decision consider all evidence of damage to the soft tissue and its spread with respect to the, How would you characterize the damage seen on the nose of this individual? 3.Why was the irregular shape to the sternum of the two victims significant in the case. These patterns allow the discrimination with bites of other species, which are not accompanied by shaking nor by the usage of canines, and with stab wounds caused by sharp weapons.2,4,8,13 Animal hair is occasionally found inside the wound.30 In cases with numerous wounds to the face, it has been recommended to take a cranial X-ray to check for bone fractures and the presence of foreign bodies.23, Canids leave typical postmortem damage patterns on the bones, characterized by rounded punctures, peg-like penetrating injuries, and shallow scratches. 1992;56(1):5157. Since the back is a relatively flat surface, the animal cannot open its jaw sufficiently wide to contact the canines with the skin. Borchelt PL, Lockwood R, Beck AM, Voith VL. Symptoms of an Achilles tendon rupture are hard to ignore. This is especially true if a bite or a rusty object caused the wound. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? Ministry of Agriculture. These organizations argued that the Rule was irregularly processed and that the normative distorts the draft law of Responsible Ownership of Companion Animals or Pets. To take care of a puncture wound: Wash your hands. Thus, the potential for wrongly identifying a dog may result in a dog being held within kennels for long periods or a breed/type being overrepresented in incident reports.44 BSLs do not address the fact that a dog of any breed can become dangerous when bred or trained to be aggressive.14 A change in the current regulations would prevent dogs that are not dangerous but may belong to a specific breed/type from spending long periods in kennels.44 An alternative to BSL is to regulate individual dogs and owners on the basis of their behavior.14 Most of the responsibility for such attacks lies with the dog owner.7 In terms of some legislatures, a person who keeps or controls an animal in his own interest is liable without fault because he/she creates an increased risk of harm to the community.8 Generic nonbreed-specific dangerous dog laws can be enacted that place primary responsibility for a dogs behavior on the owner, regardless of the dogs breed. Vet Rec. The purpose of this article is to report the cases of six patients who developed osteomyelitis of the calcaneus after a puncture wound to the heel caused by a nail. scratch marks on the victim's arm. Antemortem trauma from rodent activity the popiel phenomenon. (c) the matrix of bone tissue. Keep the victim calm and still; movement will increase blood flow and transport the venom to the heart much faster. (Public domain image by S. Rubn Betanzo via wikimedia commons. Treatment options for deep cuts include stitches, staples, or liquid stitches. 2014;83(6):12451247. Canidae (dogs and relatives) belongs to the infraorder Canoidea within the Caniformia superfamily. Immediately upon excavation, Tzaferis noticed a 19cm nail that had penetrated the body of the right heel bonebefore being driven into olive wood so hard that it bent. Fatal dog bite in the absence of significant trauma: Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection and unexpected death. The floors were covered with dog feces, and there was no available dog food. 6. The claw pattern of the majority of dogs should be interpreted according to their anatomy of the forepaws: they are symmetrical, with longest digits 3 and 4, and absence of the digit 1. Some spiders bites can cause you to feel or be sick, sweating and dizziness. Because of the nature of their purposefor . A ruptured spleen can be a life threatening condition and requires immediate attention. Punctures often happen as a result of falling onto a sharp object, though . Odontological analysis of bite marks may provide conclusive evidence in identifying a particular animal.3,31 While in the presence of multiple animal bites, it is difficult to apply a bite mark protocol that would record every wound individually, take impressions, and remove all of the affected tissue,1 the guidelines provided by the American Board of Forensic Odontology (http://www.abfo.org) for human bite mark analysis may be useful in the implementation of the photographic protocol and in the improvement of the quality of the expertise, resulting in more strong dog identification.16 Souviron recommends taking black-and-white, color, or alternate light photographs and video documentation. When nails were involved, they were long and square (about 15cm long and 1cm thick) and were driveninto the victims wrists or forearms to fix him to the crossbar. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. The jaws of the three suspected dogs could be clearly matched to the bite marks. Aurora Township provides these services and muchmore. A knife wound can have a distinct patterns, especially if the wound is a penetrating wound or puncture. Puncture wounds to the feet are a particular concern. A cut (also called a laceration) is a tear or opening in the skin caused by an external injury. In some cases, puncture wounds can be excised.8, A forensic approach to a suspected fatal dog attack should include not only the detailed exploration of the victim and the dog but also the appropriate assessment of the scene. Severe damage caused by gnawing of the softer bony parts (proximal epiphyses) is frequently detected.24 Puncture marks are usually found in thin bones such as the scapula and are caused by the canines and/or carnassial teeth penetrating through the full thickness of the bone. Fractures can also be caused by less traumatic but repeated force. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2011:209216. What caused the puncture marks on the victim's bones? 1995;26(1):3741. Rinse the bite for 3 to 5 minutes. Ministry of the Presidency, Government of Spain. The U.K. subsidiary has a current short term loan of 1,000,000 that expires 90 days from now, but will have to borrow the same, A. A bullet lodged in the brain can never be seen in radiographs (X-rays). Blunt trauma from mauling or even paw marks (when the dog tries to rouse its owner) can be misinterpreted as the result of human activity.24,26 On the other hand, perpetrators have sometimes attempted to disguise homicides by feeding the remains of victims to animals.26 Moreover, postmortem injuries from animals are usually completely incidental to the cause and manner of death.26 A fatal attack is typically repetitive, with uninhibited bites to the neck and devastating injuries to the blood vessels, the spinal cord, and to the cranium.6 Antemortem dog attacks may produce similar injuries to those arising from postmortem feeding, and a meticulous analysis of the vitality of the injuries must be performed when necessary.26, Dogs are well known for their scavenging activities; this action invariably results in serious damage to the victims body and may lead to a misdiagnosis of a brutal killing. Hydrocolloid bandages are used to treat open, superficial wounds and open pimples. 2. 7. Dont use heavy machinery or tools without wearing proper safety equipment and shoes. The hot temperature 6. Several features of They can cause other dangerous medical conditions like rabies, blood . hospital where it was found by the police? molded impression. Puncture wounds that occur due to a bite or stepping on a rusty piece of metal, such as a nail, need prompt medical attention. Healed is healed: Your question is a bit confusing. Bernstein ML. A puncture wound is caused by an object piercing the skin, creating a small hole. Knives have a handle, and at the end of that handle is what is called the hilt. Put on a dry, sterile bandage. After that, a comparison between the bite marks of the cutaneous samples and the dental casts was made. This fracture is called a: ring fracture. (2016, July 23). A puncture refers to type of injury that is caused by an object penetrating the body. The flailing of limbs, rapid movements, high-pitched cries, and attempts at defense can increase the intensity of the attacks. Figure 5 Fatal attack on a mentally disabled 43-year-old man.Notes: A forensic odontologist and a carnivore biologist established categorically the diagnosis of a dog pack attack when the initial hypothesis of predation either by a very large dog or a cougar was made by the local authorities. An unusual concentration of severe injuries to the head and neck region is typically reported in the literature;2,4,8,13 the bite mark pattern may vary considerably in shape and size depending on the bite mark recipients head and neck movement, the animals dentition, and its head movements. Bullets move in a straight line through the body, except when they hit a bone. Short tandem repeat DNA finally exculpated the animal because the blood on its coat did not belong to the victim.31 Even though the literature recommends the euthanasia of the animal, this procedure is justified only if brain samples are taken. In the first case, nails would have been driven through the heel bones, and in the second case, one nail would have been hammered through the metatarsals in the middle of the foot. Feeding often begins on the head and neck and the loss of tissue along with the consumption of the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone can make the diagnosis of strangulation, among other causes of death impossible. 4. How did the scientists determine that there was a second victim? Singapore: Wiley-Blackwell; 2009. The animal can be anesthetized for all the examinations, and the use of emetics may induce vomiting to examine the stomach content.8 The presence of commercial dog food may signify that the dog was a domestic pet and was not hungry, or wild food may signify a stray dog.13 The intact nature of some fragments of the victims skin can denote the dogs inclinations to not entirely chew food prior to swallowing.13 Since clothing fibers, rings and other jewelry (especially gold), bone fragments, and even whole teeth may be found in the dogs feces, radiographic examination is also recommended.10,28, Reproductions and casts of dogs teeth and claws are recommended (Figure 4). 2006;51(4):846860. May result in severe tissue and organ damage with sudden incapacitation, profuse . Fundacin Casa de la Paz [homepage on the Internet]. His name, according to the inscription on the ossuary, was Yehohanan ben Hagkol. 5. A puncture wound, such as from stepping on a nail, doesn't usually cause much bleeding. Once the spinal cord is severed, all body function ceases. If a histological vital reaction is detected, it can be assumed that the victim was alive for some time in an incapacitated state prior to death and that death did not occur rapidly.34 Salem et al reported a case of an epileptic 27-year-old woman found dead in her home.3 The victim had extensive lesions on her neck produced by her mixed-breed dog. Finally, the victim was dismembered and scattered. J Forensic Leg Med. Abrasions and Lacerations. Once the cut has been cleaned, apply an antibiotic cream to it. J Forensic Sci. Prevention and mitigating strategies focused on both breed-specific legislation and the legal responsibility of the owner for the dog's behavior are discussed.
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